Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Download Section PDF Listen ++ For further information, see CMDT Part 37-05: Frostnip & Chilblain (Erythema Pernio) + Key Features Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Frostnip: superficial nonfreezing injury Chilblains: inflammatory skin changes caused by exposure to cold without actual freezing of the tissues + Clinical Findings Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Frostnip Involved area has local paresthesias that completely resolve with passive external rewarming Distinct from frostbite in that ice crystals form on the skin but not within tissues and no tissue loss occurs Chilblains Skin lesions may be red or purple papular lesions, which are painful or pruritic, with burning or paresthesias May be associated with edema or blistering and aggravated by warmth With continued exposure, ulcerative or hemorrhagic lesions may appear and progress to scarring, fibrosis, and atrophy + Diagnosis Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Diagnoses usually made clinically after a detailed history of cold exposure + Treatment Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Consists of elevating and passively externally rewarming the affected part Rewarming can be done by Placing cold fingers in the axilla Removing footwear, drying feet, rewarming, and covering with adequate dry socks or other protective footwear