Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Download Section PDF Listen ++ For further information, see CMDT Part 25-14: Autism Spectrum Disorders + Key Features Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ A neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients suffer from pervasive difficulties with social communication and have repetitive, restricted interests and behaviors Affects about 1% of the adult population with an estimated heritability of about 90% Approximately 20–30% of individuals in whom autism is diagnosed also have a substance use problem as well as a higher risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood, or obsessive-compulsive disorders + Clinical Findings Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Persistent issues with social communication and interactions Repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities Symptoms interfere with functioning May or may not have accompanying language or intellectual impairment + Diagnosis Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ National Institute of Clinical Excellence (U.K.) guidelines recommend that assessment be a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach that includes Interrogation of core autism spectrum disorders difficulties Early development Medical and family history Behavior Education Employment Needs assessment Risks Physical examination, with laboratory testing as indicated Feedback to the individual + Treatment Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ No treatments for core symptoms have been validated Risperidone and paliperidone Approved for treating irritability Can help with some behavioral symptoms but also carry a risk of metabolic side effects and extrapyramidal symptoms Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and vasopressin are under investigation