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Multimodal analgesia (including regional anesthesia) has been used to decrease the need for both intraoperative and postoperative opioids.
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SELECTED INTERVENTIONAL MODALITIES FOR PAIN RELIEF
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Recent trials have revealed that both functional status and pain scores could be significantly improved in spinal cord stimulation systems that were capable of adapting the output to the patient's individual neural response in a closed loop fashion.
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Guidelines have been developed based on recent studies for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (a noninvasive neuromodulation therapy) for pain.