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ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS & TYPICAL FEATURES
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In 2017, an estimated 4.1 million referrals were made to child protective service agencies, involving the alleged maltreatment of approximately 7.5 million children. Policies about how to screen incoming calls regarding abuse concerns and how to investigate suspicious cases varies among states. Some states investigate every case that is referred, while others may screen out referrals based on certain criteria. More and more states are using an “alternative response” system to handle screened-in reports that are deemed low or moderate risk. While traditional investigative methods focus on identifying whether a child has been maltreated, these alternative response models prioritize service needs of the family over determining victimization. Data collection strategies have been altered to capture both forms of assessment.
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Children 3 years of age and younger have the highest rates of maltreatment. The total number of children confirmed as maltreated by child protective services was estimated to be 674,000 in 2017, yielding an abuse victimization rate of 9.1 per 1000 American children. This statistic is referred to as the “unique count” where a child is counted only once regardless of the number of times the child is substantiated as a victim. Sexual abuse rates continue to decline. Rates for physical abuse increased slightly from the immediate past few years; however, all forms of child maltreatment have declined during the preceding decade. Neglect, again the most common form of abuse, was substantiated in 74.9% of cases, while 18.3% of cases involved physical abuse, and 10% involved sexual abuse. Factors such as an overall reduction in crime rates, and improvements in education, reporting, and system responses have also likely played a role in lower rates of child abuse.
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There were 1720 victims of fatal child abuse in 2017 from 50 states, resulting in a rate of 2.32 child abuse deaths per 100,000 children, slightly higher than the 2015. Fatalities occur with relatively low frequency, so rates are sensitive to changes in reporting and fluctuations in child population. The topic has garnered national attention, and in 2016 a national commission created by Congress completed a report outlining recommendations to reduce child deaths from abuse.
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Substance abuse, poverty and economic strains, parental capacity and skills, and domestic violence ...