Decreased potassium intake Potassium shift into the cell Alkalosis Barium intoxication Beta-adrenergic agonists Increased postprandial secretion of insulin Periodic paralysis (hypokalemic) Trauma (via beta-adrenergic stimulation) Renal potassium loss Increased aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) effects Primary hyperaldosteronism Secondary aldosteronism (dehydration, heart failure) Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome Cushing syndrome, ectopic ACTH-producing tumor Congenital abnormality of steroid metabolism (eg, adrenogenital syndrome, 17-alpha-hydroxylase defect, apparent mineralocorticoid excess, 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency) Licorice (European) Renin-producing tumor Renovascular hypertension, malignant hypertension Increased flow to distal nephron Diuretics (furosemide, thiazides) Salt-losing nephropathy, polyuria Hypomagnesemia Unreabsorbable anion Bicarbonaturia Carbenicillin, penicillin Hippurate from toluene use or glue sniffing Renal tubular acidosis (type I or II) Liddle syndrome Extrarenal potassium loss Vomiting, diarrhea, laxative abuse Villous adenoma, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |