Alcoholism | Streptococcus pneumoniae, oral anaerobes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
COPD and/or smoking | Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella species, S. pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae |
Aspiration | Gram-negative enteric pathogens, oral anaerobes |
Lung abscess | CA-MRSA, oral anaerobes, endemic fungal pneumonia, M. tuberculosis, and atypical mycobacteria |
Exposure to bat or bird droppings | Histoplasma capsulatum |
Exposure to birds | Chlamydophila psittaci (if poultry: avian influenza) |
Exposure to rabbits | Francisella tularensis |
Exposure to farm animals or parturient cats | Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) |
HIV infection (early) | S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. tuberculosis |
HIV infection (late) | The pathogens listed for early infection plus Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Aspergillus, atypical mycobacteria (especially Mycobacterium kansasii), P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae |
Hotel or cruise ship stay in previous 2 wk | Legionella species |
Travel to or residence in southwestern United States | Coccidioides species, Hantavirus |
Travel to or residence in Southeast and East Asia | Burkholderia pseudomallei, avian influenza, SARS |
Influenza active in community | Influenza, S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, H. influenzae |
Cough ≥2 wk with whoop or posttussive vomiting | Bordetella pertussis |
Structural lung disease (eg, bronchiectasis) | P. aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, and S. aureus |
Injection drug use | S. aureus, anaerobes, M. tuberculosis, and S. pneumoniae |
Endobronchial obstruction | Anaerobes, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus |
In context of bioterrorism | Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), F. tularensis (tularemia) |