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A 44-year-old woman presented with pain in the ball of her left foot on weight-bearing. She works as a nurse and walks most of her 12-hour shift. Two months ago she noticed a new deformity of the second digit of her left foot (Figure 218-1). Her second digit was contracted with a nonreducible proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and reducible metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint.
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She was referred to a podiatrist who diagnosed an acute isolated hammer-toe deformity. At the time of surgery a plantar plate rupture at the MTP joint was found. The podiatrist fused her PIP joint and released her extensor tendon and dorsal capsule at the MTP joint to reduce the deformity. She began protective ambulation in a surgical shoe on postoperative day 3. An internal fixation wire, which was used to fixate the fusion site, was removed in 4 weeks. She returned to work and her regular activities within 6 weeks of the operation.
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Hammer-toe deformity is a flexion contracture in the PIP joint of a pedal digit, resulting in plantar flexion of the middle phalanx at the PIP joint with dorsal angulation of the proximal phalanx at the MTP joint. Hammer toes are associated with imbalance of soft-tissue structures around the joints in the digits and are often progressive. Surgical correction is required when deformity interferes with function.
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Hammer toe, claw toe, and mallet toe describe similar digital contractures.
Claw toe refers to progression of hammer toe to include extension of the MTP joint along with flexion in the PIP joint.
Mallet toe has a digital contracture at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint.
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Hammer-toe deformity is the most common digital deformity, and it can affect more women than men.1,2
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ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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A hammer toe is caused by multiple factors:
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Genetic and hereditary factors.
Abnormal biomechanics (cavus or high-arch foot, flatfoot deformity, loss of intrinsic muscle function, and hypermobile first ray) (Figure 218-2).
Long metatarsal and/or digit.
Systemic arthritides.
Neuromuscular diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (Figure 218-3).
Stroke.
Ill-fitting shoes.
Trauma.
Iatrogenic causes.
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