Acetaminophen (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 10–30 | μg/mL | 6.62 | 70–200 | μmol/L |
Acetoacetic acid | Serum, plasma | <1 | mg/dL | 0.098 | <0.1 | mmol/L |
Acetone | Serum, plasma | <2.0 | mg/dL | 0.172 | <0.34 | mmol/L |
Acetylcholinesterase | Red blood cells | 5–10 | U/mL | 1 | 5–10 | U/L |
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) | Whole blood | 25–40 | seconds | 1 | 25–40 | seconds |
Adenosine deaminasea | Serum | 11.5–25.0 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.20–0.43 | μKat/L |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (see corticotropin) |
Alanineb (adult) | Plasma | 1.87–5.88 | mg/dL | 112.2 | 210–661 | μmol/day |
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)b | Serum | 10–40 | U/L | 1 | 10–40 | U/L |
Albuminb | Serum | 3.5–5.0 | g/dL | 10 | 35–50 | g/L |
Alcohol (see ethanol, isopropanol, methanol) |
Alcohol dehydrogenasea | Serum | <2.8 | U/L | 0.017 | <0.05 | μKat/L |
Aldolasea,b | Serum | 1.0–7.5 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.02–0.13 | μKat/L |
Aldosteroneb (upright) | Plasma | 7–30 | ng/dL | 0.0277 | 0.19–0.83 | nmol/L |
Aldosterone | Urine, 24 h | 3–20 | μg/24 h | 2.77 | 8–55 | nmol/day |
Alkaline phosphataseb | Serum | 50–120 | U/L | 1 | 50–120 | U/L |
α1-Acid glycoprotein | Serum | 50–120 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.5–1.2 | g/L |
α2-Macroglobulin | Serum | 130–300 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 1.3–3.0 | g/L |
Alprazolam (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 10–50 | ng/mL | 3.24 | 32–162 | nmol/L |
Aluminum | Serum, plasma | <6 | ng/mL | 37.06 | 0.0–222.4 | nmol/L |
Amikacin (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 20–30 | μg/mL | 1.71 | 34–52 | μmol/L |
Amino acid fractionation: |
Alanineb | Plasma | 1.87–5.89 | mg/dL | 112.2 | 210–661 | μmol/L |
α-Aminobutyric acidb | Plasma | 0.08–0.36 | mg/dL | 97 | 8–35 | μmol/L |
Arginineb | Plasma | 0.37–2.40 | mg/dL | 57.4 | 21–138 | μmol/L |
Asparagineb | Plasma | 0.40–0.91 | mg/dL | 75.7 | 30–69 | μmol/L |
Aspartic acidb | Plasma | <0.3 | mg/dL | 75.1 | <25 | μmol/L |
Citrullineb | Plasma | 0.2–1.0 | mg/dL | 57.1 | 12–55 | μmol/L |
Cystineb | Plasma | 0.40–1.40 | mg/dL | 83.3 | 33–117 | μmol/L |
Glutamic acidb | Plasma | 0.2–2.8 | mg/dL | 67.97 | 15–190 | μmol/L |
Glutamineb | Plasma | 6.1–10.2 | mg/dL | 68.42 | 420–700 | μmol/L |
Glycineb | Plasma | 0.9–4.2 | mg/dL | 133.3 | 120–560 | μmol/L |
Histidineb | Plasma | 0.5–1.7 | mg/dL | 64.5 | 32–110 | μmol/L |
Hydroxyprolineb | Plasma | <0.55 | mg/dL | 76.3 | <42 | μmol/L |
Isoleucineb | Plasma | 0.5–1.3 | mg/dL | 76.24 | 40–100 | μmol/L |
Leucineb | Plasma | 1.0–2.3 | mg/dL | 76.3 | 75–175 | μmol/L |
Lysineb | Plasma | 1.2–3.5 | mg/dL | 68.5 | 80–240 | μmol/L |
Methionineb | Plasma | 0.1–0.6 | mg/dL | 67.1 | 6–40 | μmol/L |
Ornithineb | Plasma | 0.4–1.4 | mg/dL | 75.8 | 30–106 | μmol/L |
Phenylalanineb | Plasma | 0.6–1.5 | mg/dL | 60.5 | 35–90 | μmol/L |
Prolineb | Plasma | 1.2–3.9 | mg/dL | 86.9 | 104–340 | μmol/L |
Serineb | Plasma | 0.7–2.0 | mg/dL | 95.2 | 65–193 | μmol/L |
Taurineb | Plasma | 0.3–2.1 | mg/dL | 80 | 24–168 | μmol/L |
Threonineb | Plasma | 0.9–2.5 | mg/dL | 84 | 75–210 | μmol/L |
Tryptophanb | Plasma | 0.5–1.5 | mg/dL | 48.97 | 25–73 | μmol/L |
Tyrosineb | Plasma | 0.4–1.6 | mg/dL | 55.19 | 20–90 | μmol/L |
Valineb | Plasma | 1.7–3.7 | mg/dL | 85.5 | 145–315 | μmol/L |
α-Aminobutyric acidb | Plasma | 0.08–0.36 | mg/dL | 97 | 8–35 | μmol/L |
Amiodarone (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 0.5–2.5 | μg/mL | 1.55 | 0.8–3.9 | μmol/L |
δ-Aminolevulinic acid | Urine | 1.0–7.0 | mg/24 h | 7.626 | 8–53 | μmol/day |
Amitriptyline (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 80–250 | ng/mL | 3.61 | 289–903 | nmol/L |
Ammonia (as NH3)b | Plasma | 15–50 | μg/dL | 0.714 | 11–35 | μmol/L |
Amobarbital (therapeutic) | Serum | 1–5 | μg/mL | 4.42 | 4–22 | μmol/L |
Amoxapine (therapeutic) | Plasma | 200–600 | ng/mL | 1 | 200–600 | μg/L |
Amylasea,b | Serum | 27–130 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.46–2.21 | μKat/L |
Androstenedione,b male | Serum | 75–205 | ng/dL | 0.0349 | 2.6–7.2 | nmol/L |
Androstenedione,b female | Serum | 85–275 | ng/dL | 0.0349 | 3.0–9.6 | nmol/L |
Angiotensin I | Plasma | <25 | pg/mL | 1 | <25 | ng/L |
Angiotensin II | Plasma | 10–60 | pg/mL | 1 | 10–60 | ng/L |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)a,b | Serum | 8–52 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.14–0.88 | μKat/L |
Anion gap (Na+)−(Cl− + HCO3−) | Serum, plasma | 8–16 | mEq/L | 1 | 8–16 | nmol/L |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) (varies with osmolality) | Plasma | 1–5 | pg/mL | 0.926 | 0.9–4.6 | pmol/L |
Antiplasmin | Plasma | 80–130 | % | 0.01 | 0.8–1.3 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Antithrombin activity | Plasma | 80–130 | % | 0.01 | 0.8–1.3 | Fraction of 1.0 |
α1-Antitrypsin | Serum | 80–200 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.8–2.0 | g/L |
Apolipoprotein Ab: |
Male | Serum | 80–151 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.8–1.5 | g/L |
Female | Serum | 80–170 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.8–1.7 | g/L |
Apolipoprotein Bb: |
Male | Serum, plasma | 50–123 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.5–1.2 | g/L |
Female | Serum, plasma | 25–120 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.25–1.20 | g/L |
Arginineb | Plasma | 0.37–2.40 | mg/dL | 57.4 | 21–138 | μmol/L |
Arsenic (As) | Whole blood | <23 | μg/L | 0.0133 | <0.31 | μmol/L |
Arsenic (As) (chronic poisoning) | Whole blood | 100–500 | μg/L | 0.0133 | 1.33–6.65 | μmol/L |
Arsenic (As) (acute poisoning) | Whole blood | 600–9300 | μg/L | 0.0133 | 7.9–123.7 | μmol/L |
Ascorbate, ascorbic acid (see vitamin C) |
Asparagineb | Plasma | 0.40–0.91 | mg/dL | 75.7 | 30–69 | μmol/L |
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT)a,b | Serum | 20–48 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.34–0.82 | μKat/L |
Aspartic acidb | Plasma | <0.3 | mg/dL | 75.1 | <25 | μmol/L |
Atrial natriuretic hormone | Plasma | 20–77 | pg/mL | 1 | 20–77 | ng/L |
Barbiturates (see individual drugs; pentobarbital, phenobarbital, thiopental) |
Basophils (see complete blood count, white blood cell count) |
Benzodiazepines (see individual drugs; alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam) |
Beryllium (toxic) | Urine | >20 | μg/L | 0.111 | >2.22 | μmol/L |
Bicarbonate | Plasma | 21–28 | mEq/L | 1 | 21–28 | mmol/L |
Bile acids (total) | Serum | 0.3–2.3 | μg/mL | 2.448 | 0.73–5.63 | μmol/L |
Bilirubin: |
Totalb | Serum | 0.3–1.2 | mg/dL | 17.1 | 2–18 | μmol/L |
Direct (conjugated) | Serum | <0.2 | mg/dL | 17.1 | <3.4 | μmol/L |
Biotin | Whole blood, serum | 200–500 | pg/mL | 0.0041 | 0.82–2.05 | nmol/L |
Bismuth (therapeutic) | Whole blood | 1–12 | μg/L | 4.785 | 4.8–57.4 | nmol/L |
Blood gases: |
Pco2 | Arterial blood | 35–45 | mm Hg | 1 | 35–45 | mm Hg |
pH | Arterial blood | 7.35–7.45 | — | 1 | 7.35–7.45 | — |
Po2 | Arterial blood | 80–100 | mm Hg | 1 | 80–100 | mm Hg |
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, see urea nitrogen) |
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) | Plasma | <100 | pg/mL | 1 | <100 | pg/mL |
Bupropion (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 25–100 | ng/mL | 3.62 | 91–362 | nmol/L |
C1 esterase inhibitor | Serum | 12–30 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.12–0.30 | g/L |
C3 complementb | Serum | 1200–1500 | μg/mL | 0.001 | 1.2–1.5 | g/L |
C4 complementb | Serum | 350–600 | μg/mL | 0.001 | 0.35–0.60 | g/L |
CA125 | Serum | <35 | U/mL | 1 | <35 | kU/L |
CA19-9 | Serum | <37 | U/mL | 1 | <37 | kU/L |
CA15-3 | Serum | <30 | U/mL | 1 | <30 | kU/L |
CA27.29 | Serum | <37.7 | U/mL | 1 | <37.7 | kU/L |
Cadmium (nonsmoker) | Whole blood | 0.3–1.2 | μg/L | 8.897 | 2.7–10.7 | nmol/L |
Caffeine (therapeutic, infants) | Serum, plasma | 8–20 | μg/mL | 5.15 | 41–103 | μmol/L |
Calciferol (see vitamin D) |
Calcitonin | Serum, plasma | <19 | pg/mL | 1 | <19 | ng/L |
Calcium, ionized | Serum | 4.60–5.08 | mg/dL | 0.25 | 1.15–1.27 | mmol/L |
Calcium, total | Serum | 8.2–10.2 | mg/dL | 0.25 | 2.05–2.55 | mmol/L |
Calcium, normal diet | Urine | <250 | mg/24 h | 0.025 | <6.2 | mmol/day |
Carbamazepine (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 8–12 | μg/mL | 4.23 | 34–51 | μmol/L |
Carbon dioxide | Serum, plasma, venous blood | 22–28 | mEq/L | 1 | 22–28 | mmol/L |
Carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide), as fraction of hemoglobin saturation: |
Nonsmoker | Whole blood | <2.0 | % | 0.01 | <0.02 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Toxic | Whole blood | >20 | % | 0.01 | >0.2 | Fraction of 1.0 |
β-Carotene | Serum | 10–85 | μg/dL | 0.0186 | 0.2–1.6 | μmol/L |
Catecholamines, total (see norepinephrine) |
CEA, nonsmoker | Serum | <3 | ng/mL | 1 | <3 | μg/L |
CEA, smoker | Serum | <5 | ng/mL | 1 | <5 | μg/L |
Ceruloplasminb | Serum | 20–40 | mg/dL | 10 | 200–400 | mg/L |
Chloramphenicol (therapeutic) | Serum | 10–25 | μg/mL | 3.1 | 31–77 | μmol/L |
Chlordiazepoxide (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 0.7–1.0 | μg/mL | 3.34 | 2.3–3.3 | μmol/L |
Chloride | Serum, plasma | 96–106 | mEq/L | 1 | 96–106 | mmol/L |
Chloride | CSF | 118–132 | mEq/L | 1 | 118–132 | mmol/L |
Chlorpromazine (therapeutic, adult) | Plasma | 50–300 | ng/mL | 3.14 | 157–942 | nmol/L |
Chlorpromazine (therapeutic, child) | Plasma | 40–80 | ng/mL | 3.14 | 126–251 | nmol/L |
Chlorpropamide (therapeutic) | Plasma | 75–250 | mg/L | 3.61 | 270–900 | μmol/L |
Cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL): |
Optimal | Plasma | >60 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | >1.55 | |
Adequate | Plasma | 40–60 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | 1.03–1.55 | mmol/L |
High risk for heart disease | Plasma | <40 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | <1.03 | mmol/L |
Cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL)b: |
Optimal | Plasma | <100 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | <2.59 | mmol/L |
Near optimal | Plasma | 100–129 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | 2.59–3.34 | mmol/L |
Borderline high | Plasma | 130–159 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | 3.37–4.12 | mmol/L |
High | Plasma | 160–189 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | 4.15–4.90 | mmol/L |
Very high | Plasma | >190 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | >4.90 | mmol/L |
Cholesterol total, adult: |
Desirable | Serum | <200 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | <5.17 | mmol/L |
Borderline high | Serum | 200–239 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | 5.17–6.18 | mmol/L |
High | Serum | >240 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | >6.21 | mmol/L |
Cholesterol total, children: |
Desirable | Serum | <170 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | 4.4 | mmol/L |
Borderline high | Serum | 170–199 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | 4.40–5.15 | mmol/L |
High | Serum | >200 | mg/dL | 0.02586 | >5.18 | mmol/L |
Chromium | Whole blood | 0.7–28.0 | μg/L | 19.2 | 13.4–538.6 | nmol/L |
Citrate | Serum | 1.2–3.0 | mg/dL | 52.05 | 60–160 | μmol/L |
Citrullineb | Plasma | 0.4–2.4 | mg/dL | 57.1 | 20–135 | μmol/L |
Clonazepam (therapeutic) | Serum | 15–60 | ng/mL | 3.17 | 48–190 | nmol/L |
Coagulation factor I (fibrinogen) | Plasma | 150–400 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 1.5–4.0 | g/L |
Coagulation factor II (prothrombin) | Plasma | 60–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.60–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor V | Plasma | 60–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.60–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor VII | Plasma | 60–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.60–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor VIII | Plasma | 50–200 | % | 0.01 | 0.50–2.00 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor IX | Plasma | 60–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.60–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor X | Plasma | 60–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.60–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor XI | Plasma | 60–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.60–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Coagulation factor XII | Plasma | 60–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.60–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Cobalt | Serum | <1.0 | μg/L | 16.97 | <17 | nmol/L |
Codeine (therapeutic) | Serum | 10–100 | ng/mL | 3.34 | 33–334 | nmol/L |
Complete blood count (CBC): |
Hematocritb: |
Male | Whole blood | 41–50 | % | 0.01 | 0.41–0.50 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Female | Whole blood | 35–45 | % | 0.01 | 0.35–0.45 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Hemoglobin (mass concentration)b: |
Male | Whole blood | 13.5–17.5 | g/dL | 10 | 135–175 | g/L |
Female | Whole blood | 12.0–15.5 | g/dL | 10 | 120–155 | g/L |
Hemoglobin (substance concentration, Hb [Fe]): |
Male | Whole blood | 13.6–17.2 | g/dL | 0.6206 | 8.44–10.65 | mmol/L |
Female | Whole blood | 12.0–15.0 | g/dL | 0.6206 | 7.45–9.30 | mmol/L |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mass concentrationb | Whole blood | 27–33 | pg/cell | 1 | 27–33 | pg/cell |
MCH, substance concentration, Hb [Fe] | Whole blood | 27–33 | pg/cell | 0.06206 | 1.70–2.05 | fmol |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mass concentration | Whole blood | 33–37 | g Hb/dL | 10 | 330–370 | g Hb/L |
MCHC, substance concentration, Hb [Fe] | Whole blood | 33–37 | g Hb/dL | 0.6206 | 20–23 | mmol/L |
Mean cell volume (MCV)b | Whole blood | 80–100 | μm3 | 1 | 80–100 | fL |
Platelet count | Whole blood | 150–450 | 103 μL−1 | 1 | 150–450 | 109 L−1 |
Red blood cell count: |
Female | Whole blood | 3.9–5.5 | 106 μL−1 | 1 | 3.9–5.5 | 1012 L−1 |
Male | Whole blood | 4.6–6.0 | 106 μL−1 | 1 | 4.6–6.0 | 1012 L−1 |
Reticulocyte countb | Whole blood | 25–75 | 103 μL−1 | 1 | 25–75 | 109 L−1 |
Reticulocyte countb (fraction) | Whole blood | 0.5–1.5 | % of RBCs | 0.01 | 0.005–0.015 | Fraction of RBCs |
White blood cell countb | Whole blood | 4.5–11.0 | 103 μL−1 | 1 | 4.5–11.0 | 109 L−1 |
Differential countb (absolute): |
Neutrophils | Whole blood | 1800–7800 | μL−1 | 1 | 1.8–7.8 | 109 L−1 |
Bands | Whole blood | 0–700 | μL−1 | 1 | 0.00–0.70 | 109 L−1 |
Lymphocytes | Whole blood | 1000–4800 | μL−1 | 1 | 1.0–4.8 | 109 L−1 |
Monocytes | Whole blood | 0–800 | μL−1 | 1 | 0.00–0.80 | 109 L−1 |
Eosinophils | Whole blood | 0–450 | μL−1 | 1 | 0.00–0.45 | 109 L−1 |
Basophils | Whole blood | 0–200 | μL−1 | 1 | 0.00–0.20 | 109 L−1 |
Differential countb (number fraction): |
Neutrophils | Whole blood | 56 | % | 0.01 | 0.56 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Bands | Whole blood | 3 | % | 0.01 | 0.03 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Lymphocytes | Whole blood | 34 | % | 0.01 | 0.34 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Monocytes | Whole blood | 4 | % | 0.01 | 0.04 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Eosinophils | Whole blood | 2.7 | % | 0.01 | 0.027 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Basophils | Whole blood | 0.3 | % | 0.01 | 0.003 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Copperb | Serum | 70–140 | μg/dL | 0.1574 | 11.0–22.0 | μmol/L |
Coproporphyrin | Urine | <200 | μg/24 h | 1.527 | <300 | nmol/day |
Corticotropinb (08:00) | Plasma | <120 | pg/mL | 0.22 | <26 | pmol/L |
Cortisol, totalb: |
Time of day: |
8:00 | Plasma | 5–25 | μg/dL | 27.6 | 138–690 | nmol/L |
16:00 | Plasma | 3–16 | μg/dL | 27.6 | 83–442 | nmol/L |
20:00 | Plasma | <50% of 08:00 | μg/dL | 1 | <50% of 08:00 | nmol/L |
Cortisol, freeb | Urine | 30–100 | μg/24 h | 2.76 | 80–280 | nmol/day |
Cotinine (smoker) | Plasma | 16–145 | ng/mL | 5.68 | 91–823 | nmol/L |
C-peptide | Serum | 0.5–3.5 | ng/mL | 0.333 | 0.17–1.17 | nmol/L |
Creatine, male | Serum | 0.2–0.7 | mg/dL | 76.3 | 15.3–53.3 | μmol/L |
Creatine, female | Serum | 0.3–0.9 | mg/dL | 76.3 | 22.9–68.6 | μmol/L |
Creatine kinase (CK)a | Serum | 50–200 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.85–3.40 | μKat/L |
CK-MB fraction | Serum | <6 | % | 0.01 | <0.06 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Creatinineb | Serum, plasma | 0.6–1.2 | mg/dL | 88.4 | 53–106 | μmol/L |
Creatinine | Urine | 1–2 | g/24 h | 8.84 | 8.8–17.7 | mmol/day |
Creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate | Serum, urine | 75–125 | mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.00963 | 0.72–1.2 | mL/s/m2 |
C-telopeptide: |
Men | Serum, plasma | 60–700 | pg/mL | 1 | 60–700 | pg/mL |
Premenopausal women | Serum, plasma | 40–465 | pg/mL | 1 | 40–465 | pg/mL |
Cyanide (toxic) | Whole blood | >1.0 | μg/mL | 38.4 | >38.4 | μmol/L |
Cyanocobalamin (see vitamin B12) |
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | Plasma | 4.6–8.6 | ng/mL | 3.04 | 14–26 | nmol/L |
Cyclosporine (toxic) | Whole blood | >400 | ng/mL | 0.832 | >333 | nmol/L |
Cystineb | Plasma | 0.40–1.40 | mg/dL | 83.3 | 33–117 | μmol/L |
D-dimerb | Plasma | Negative (<500) | ng/mL | 1 | Negative (<500) | ng/mL |
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (unconjugated, male)b | Plasma, serum | 180–1250 | ng/dL | 0.0347 | 6.2–43.3 | nmol/L |
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (male)b | Plasma, serum | 10–619 | μg/dL | 0.027 | 0.3–16.7 | μmol/L |
Desipramine (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 50–200 | ng/mL | 3.75 | 170–700 | nmol/L |
Diazepam (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 100–1000 | ng/mL | 0.00351 | 0.35–3.51 | μmol/L |
Digoxin (therapeutic) | Plasma | 0.5–2.0 | ng/mL | 1.281 | 0.6–2.6 | nmol/L |
Disopyramide (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 2.8–7.0 | mg/L | 2.95 | 8–21 | μmol/L |
Doxepin (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 150–250 | ng/mL | 3.58 | 540–890 | nmol/L |
Electrolytes: |
Chloride | Serum, plasma | 96–106 | mEq/L | 1 | 96–106 | mmol/L |
Carbon dioxide (CO2) | Serum, plasma, venous blood | 22–28 | mEq/L | 1 | 22–28 | mmol/L |
Potassium | Plasma | 3.5–5.0 | mEq/L | 1 | 3.5–5.0 | mmol/L |
Sodiumb | Plasma | 136–142 | mEq/L | 1 | 136–142 | mmol/L |
Eosinophils (see complete blood count, white blood cell count) |
Epinephrine (supine) | Plasma | <50 | pg/mL | 5.46 | <273 | pmol/L |
Epinephrineb | Urine | <20 | μg/24 h | 5.46 | <109 | nmol/day |
Erythrocyte count (see complete blood count, red blood cell count) |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)b | Whole blood | 0–20 | mm/h | 1 | 0–20 | mm/h |
Erythropoietin | Serum | 5–36 | mU/mL | 1 | 5–36 | IU/L |
Estradiol (E2, unconjugated),b female: |
Follicular phase | Serum | 20–350 | pg/mL | 3.69 | 73–1285 | pmol/L |
Midcycle peak | Serum | 150–750 | pg/mL | 3.69 | 551–2753 | pmol/L |
Luteal phase | Serum | 30–450 | pg/mL | 3.69 | 110–1652 | pmol/L |
Postmenopausal | Serum | <59 | pg/mL | 3.69 | <218 | pmol/L |
Estradiol (unconjugated),b male | Serum | <20 | pg/mL | 3.67 | <184 | pmol/L |
Estriol (E3, unconjugated), males and nonpregnant females, varies with length of gestation | Serum | <2 | ng/mL | 3.47 | <6.9 | nmol/L |
Estrogens (total),b female: |
Follicular phase | Serum | 60–200 | pg/mL | 1 | 60–200 | ng/L |
Luteal phase | Serum | 160–400 | pg/mL | 1 | 160–400 | ng/L |
Postmenopausal | Serum | <130 | pg/mL | 1 | <130 | ng/L |
Estrogens (total),b male | Serum | 20–80 | pg/mL | 1 | 20–80 | ng/L |
Estrone (E1),b female: |
Follicular phase | Plasma, serum | 100–250 | pg/mL | 3.69 | 370–925 | pmol/L |
Luteal phase | Plasma, serum | 15–200 | pg/mL | 3.69 | 55–740 | pmol/L |
Postmenopausal | Plasma, serum | 15–55 | pg/mL | 3.69 | 55–204 | pmol/L |
Estrone (E1),b male | Plasma, serum | 15–65 | pg/mL | 3.69 | 55–240 | pmol/L |
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) (legal intoxication—2 levels listed) | Serum, whole blood | >80 / >100 | mg/dL | 0.2171 | >17.4 / 21.7 | mmol/L |
Ethosuximide (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 40–100 | μg/mL | 7.08 | 283–708 | μmol/L |
Ethylene glycol (toxic) | Plasma, serum | >30 | mg/dL | 0.1611 | >5 | mmol/L |
Everolimus (therapeutic) | Whole blood | 3–15 | ng/mL | 1.04 | 5–16 | nmol/L |
Fatty acids (nonesterified) | Plasma | 8–25 | mg/dL | 0.0354 | 0.28–0.89 | mmol/L |
Fecal fat (as stearic acid) | Stool | 2.0–6.0 | g/day | 1 | 2–6 | g/day |
Felbamate (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 30–60 | μg/mL | 4.2 | 126–252 | μmol/L |
Ferritinb | Plasma | 15–200 | ng/mL | 1 | 15–200 | μg/L |
α-Fetoproteinb | Serum | <10 | ng/mL | 1 | <10 | μg/L |
Fibrinogen | Plasma | 150–400 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 1.5–4.0 | g/L |
Fibrin breakdown products (fibrin split products) | Serum | <10 | μg/mL | 1 | <10 | mg/L |
Folate (folic acid) | Red blood cells | 166–640 | ng/mL | 2.266 | 376–1450 | nmol/L |
Folate (folic acid) | Serum | 5–25 | ng/mL | 2.266 | 11–57 | nmol/L |
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),b female: |
Follicular phase | Serum | 1.37–9.9 | mIU/mL | 1 | 1.3–9.9 | IU/L |
Ovulatory phase | Serum | 6.17–17.2 | mIU/mL | 1 | 6.1–17.2 | IU/L |
Luteal phase | Serum | 1.09–9.2 | mIU/mL | 1 | 1.0–9.2 | IU/L |
Postmenopausal | Serum | 19.3–100.6 | mIU/mL | 1 | 19.3–100.6 | IU/L |
FSHb male | Serum | 1.42–15.4 | mIU/mL | 1 | 1.4–15.4 | IU/L |
FSHb female | Urine | 2–15 | IU/24 h | 1 | 2–15 | IU/day |
FSHb male | Urine | 3–12 | IU/24 h | 1 | 3–11 | IU/day |
Fructosamineb | Serum | 1.5–2.7 | mmol/L | 1 | 1.5–2.7 | mmol/L |
Gabapentin (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 2–20 | μg/mL | 5.84 | 12–117 | μmol/L |
Gastrin (fasting) | Serum | <100 | pg/mL | 1 | <100 | ng/L |
Gentamicin (therapeutic) | Serum | 6–10 | μg/mL | 2.1 | 12–21 | μmol/L |
Glucagonb | Plasma | 20–100 | pg/mL | 1 | 20–100 | ng/L |
Glucoseb | Serum, plasma | 70–110 | mg/dL | 0.05551 | 3.9–6.1 | mmol/L |
Glucose | CSF | 50–80 | mg/dL | 0.05551 | 2.8–4.4 | mmol/L |
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | Red blood cells | 10–14 | U/g of Hb | 0.0645 | 0.65–0.90 | U/mol of Hb |
Glutamic acidb | Plasma | 0.2–2.8 | mg/dL | 67.97 | 15–190 | μmol/L |
Glutamine | Plasma | 6.1–10.2 | mg/dL | 68.42 | 420–700 | μmol/L |
γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT; γ-glutamyl transpeptidase)b: |
Female | Serum | <30 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.51 | μKat/L |
Male | Serum | <50 | U/L | 0.017 | <0.85 | μKat/L |
Glycerol (free)b | Serum | <1.5 | mg/dL | 0.1086 | <0.16 | mmol/L |
Glycineb | Plasma | 0.9–4.2 | mg/dL | 133.3 | 120–560 | μmol/L |
Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1, A1c): |
Whole blood | Whole blood | 4–5.6 | % of total Hb | 1 | 4–5.6 | Fraction of total Hb |
Gold (therapeutic) | Serum | 100–200 | μg/dL | 0.05077 | 5.1–10.2 | μmol/L |
Growth hormone, adult (GH, somatotropin)b | Plasma, serum | <10 | ng/mL | 1 | <10 | μg/L |
Haloperidol (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 5–20 | ng/mL | 2.6 | 13–52 | nmol/L |
Haptoglobinb | Serum | 40–180 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.4–1.8 | g/L |
Hematocrit (see complete blood count) |
Hemoglobin (see complete blood count) |
Hemoglobin A1c (see glycated hemoglobin) |
Hemoglobin A2b | Whole blood | 2.0–3.5 | % total Hb | | 2.0–3.5 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Hemoglobin Fb (fetal hemoglobin in adult) | Whole blood | <2 | % | 0.01 | <2 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Histidineb | Plasma | 0.5–1.7 | mg/dL | 64.5 | 32–110 | μmol/L |
Homocysteine (total) | Plasma, serum | 4–12 | μmol/L | 1 | 4–12 | μmol/L |
Homovanillic acidb | Urine | <8 | mg/24 h | 5.489 | <45 | μmol/day |
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (nonpregnant adult female) | Serum | <3 | mIU/mL | 1 | <3 | IU/L |
β-Hydroxybutyric acid | Serum | 0.21–2.81 | mg/dL | 96.05 | 20–270 | μmol/L |
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) | Urine | <25 | mg/24 h | 5.23 | <131 | μmol/day |
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone,b female: |
Follicular phase | Serum | 15–70 | ng/dL | 0.03 | 0.4–2.1 | nmol/L |
Luteal phase | Serum | 35–290 | ng/dL | 0.03 | 1.0–8.7 | nmol/L |
Postmenopausal | Serum | <70 | ng/dL | 0.03 | <2.1 | nmol/L |
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone,b male | Serum | 27–199 | ng/dL | 0.03 | 0.8–6.0 | nmol/L |
Hydroxyproline | Plasma | <0.55 | mg/dL | 76.3 | <42 | μmol/L |
5-Hydroxytryptamine (see serotonin) |
Ibuprofen (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 10–50 | μg/mL | 4.85 | 49–243 | μmol/L |
Imipramine (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 150–250 | ng/mL | 3.57 | 536–893 | nmol/L |
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)b | Serum | 50–350 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.5–3.5 | g/L |
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) | Serum | 0.5–3.0 | mg/dL | 10 | 5–30 | mg/L |
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) | Serum | 10–179 | IU/mL | 2.4 | 24–430 | μg/L |
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)b | Serum | 600–1560 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 6.0–15.6 | g/L |
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)b | Serum | 54–222 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.5–2.2 | g/L |
Insulin | Plasma | 5–20 | μU/mL | 6.945 | 34.7–138.9 | pmol/L |
Inhibin A: |
Males | Serum | 1.0–3.6 | pg/mL | 1 | 1.0–3.6 | ng/L |
Female, early follicular | Serum | 5.5–28.2 | pg/mL | 1 | 5.5–28.2 | ng/L |
Female, late follicular | Serum | 19.5–102.3 | pg/mL | 1 | 19.5–102.3 | ng/L |
Female, midcycle | Serum | 49.9–155.5 | pg/mL | 1 | 49.9–155.5 | ng/L |
Female, midluteal | Serum | 13.2–159.6 | pg/mL | 1 | 13.2–159.6 | ng/L |
Female, postmenopausal | Serum | 1.0–3.9 | pg/mL | 1 | 1.0–3.9 | ng/L |
Insulin C-peptide (see C-peptide) |
Insulin-like growth factorb | Serum | 130–450 | ng/mL | 1 | 130–450 | μg/L |
Ionized calcium (see calcium) |
Iron (total)b | Serum | 60–150 | μg/dL | 0.179 | 10.7–26.9 | μmol/L |
Iron-binding capacity | Serum | 250–400 | μg/dL | 0.179 | 44.8–71.6 | μmol/L |
Isoleucineb | Plasma | 0.5–1.3 | mg/dL | 76.24 | 40–100 | μmol/L |
Isoniazid (therapeutic) | Plasma or serum | 1–7 | μg/mL | 7.29 | 7–51 | μmol/L |
Isopropanol (toxic) | Plasma, serum | >400 | mg/L | 0.0166 | >6.64 | mmol/L |
Lactate (lactic acid) | Arterial blood | 3–11.3 | mg/dL | 0.111 | 0.3–1.3 | mmol/L |
Lactate (lactic acid) | Venous blood | 4.5–19.8 | mg/dL | 0.111 | 0.5–2.2 | mmol/L |
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, LD) | Serum | 50–200 | U/L | 1 | 50–200 | U/L |
Lamotrigine (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 2.5–15 | μg/dL | 3.91 | 10–59 | μmol/L |
Lead (toxic) | Whole blood | >5 | μg/dL | 0.0483 | >0.24 | μmol/L |
Leucineb | Plasma | 1.0–2.3 | mg/dL | 76.3 | 75–175 | μmol/L |
Leukocyte count (see complete blood count, white blood cell count) |
Levetiracetam (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 12–46 | μg/mL | 5.88 | 71–270 | μmol/L |
Lidocaine (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 1.5–6.0 | μmL g/mL | 4.27 | 6.4–25.6 | μmol/L |
Lipasea | Serum | 0–160 | U/L | 0.017 | 0–2.72 | μKat/L |
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) | Serum, plasma | 10–30 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.1–0.3 | g/L |
Lithium (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 0.6–1.2 | mEq/L | 1 | 0.6–1.2 | mmol/L |
Lorazepam (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 50–240 | ng/mL | 3.11 | 156–746 | nmol/L |
Luteinizing hormone (LH),b female: |
Follicular phase | Serum | 2.0–15.0 | mIU/L | 1 | 2.0–15.0 | IU/L |
Ovulatory peak | Serum | 22.0–105.0 | mIU/L | 1 | 22.0–105.0 | IU/L |
Luteal phase | Serum | 0.6–19.0 | mIU/L | 1 | 0.6–19.0 | IU/L |
Postmenopausal | Serum | 16.0–64.0 | mIU/L | 1 | 16.0–64.0 | IU/L |
Luteinizing hormone (LH),b male | Serum | 2.0–12.0 | mIU/L | 1 | 2.0–12.0 | IU/L |
Lymphocytes (see complete blood count, white blood cell count) |
Lysineb | Plasma | 1.2–3.5 | mg/dL | 68.5 | 80–240 | μmol/L |
Lysozyme (muramidase) | Serum | 4–13 | mg/L | 1 | 4–13 | mg/L |
Magnesiumb | Serum | 1.5–2.5 | mg/dL | 0.4114 | 0.62–1.03 | mmol/L |
Manganese | Whole blood | 10–12 | μg/L | 18.2 | 182–218 | nmol/L |
Maprotiline (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 200–600 | ng/mL | 1 | 200–600 | μg/L |
MCH (see complete blood count) |
MCHC (see complete blood count) |
Meperidine (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 0.4–0.7 | μg/mL | 4.04 | 1.6–2.8 | μmol/L |
Mercury | Whole blood | 0.6–59.0 | μg/L | 4.99 | 3.0–294.4 | nmol/L |
Metanephrines (total)b | Urine | <1.0 | mg/24 h | 5.07 | <5 | μmol/day |
Methadone (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 100–400 | ng/mL | 0.00323 | 0.32–1.29 | μmol/L |
Methanol (toxic) | Whole blood, serum | >1.5 | mg/L | 0.0312 | >0.05 | mmol/L |
Methemoglobin | Whole blood | <0.24 | g/dL | 155 | <37.2 | μmol/L |
Methemoglobin | Whole blood | <1.0 | % of total Hb | 0.01 | <0.01 | Fraction of total Hb |
Methionineb | Plasma | 0.1–0.6 | mg/dL | 67.1 | 6–40 | μmol/L |
Methsuximide (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 10–40 | μg/mL | 5.29 | 53–212 | μmol/L |
Methyldopa (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 1–5 | μg/mL | 4.73 | 5–24 | μmol/L |
Metoprolol (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 75–200 | ng/mL | 3.74 | 281–748 | nmol/L |
Mexthotrexate: |
Toxic 24 h after dose | Serum, plasma | ≥10 | μmol/L | 1 | ≥10 | μmol/L |
Toxic 48 h after dose | Serum, plasma | ≥1 | μmol/L | 1 | ≥1 | μmol/L |
Toxic 72 h after dose | Serum, plasma | ≥0.1 | μmol/L | 1 | ≥0.1 | μmol/L |
β2-Microglobulin | Serum | <2 | μg/mL | 85 | <170 | nmol/L |
Monocytes (see complete blood count, white blood cell count) |
Morphine (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 10–80 | ng/mL | 3.5 | 35–280 | nmol/L |
Muramidase (see lysozyme) |
Mycophenolic acid (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 1.3–3.5 | μg/mL | 3.12 | 4–11 | μmol/L |
Naproxen (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | >50 | μg/mL | 4.34 | >217 | μmol/L |
Neutrophils (see complete blood count, white blood cell count) |
Niacin (Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid) | Plasma, serum | 0.50–8.45 | ug/mL | 7.3 | 3.65–61.69 | μmol/day |
Nickel | Whole blood | 1.0–28.0 | μg/L | 17 | 17–476 | nmol/L |
Nicotine (smoker) | Plasma | 0.01–0.05 | mg/L | 6.16 | 0.062–0.308 | μmol/L |
Norepinephrineb | Plasma | 110–410 | pg/mL | 5.91 | 650–2423 | nmol/L |
Norepinephrineb | Urine | 15–80 | μg/24 h | 5.91 | 89–473 | nmol/day |
Nortriptyline (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 50–150 | ng/mL | 3.8 | 190–570 | nmol/L |
N-telopeptide (BCE, bone collagen equivalents): |
Men | Serum | 5.4–24.2 | nmol BCE/L | 1 | 5.4–24.2 | nmol BCE/L |
Premenopausal women | Serum | 6.2–19.0 | nmol BCE/L | 1 | 6.2–19.0 | nmol BCE/L |
Ornithineb | Plasma | 0.4–1.4 | mg/dL | 75.8 | 30–106 | μmol/L |
Osmolalityb | Serum | 275–295 | mOsm/kg H2O | 1 | 275–295 | mmol/kg H2O |
Osmolality | Urine | 250–900 | mOsm/kg H2O | 1 | 250–900 | mmol/kg H2O |
Osteocalcinb | Serum | 3.0–13.0 | ng/mL | 1 | 3.0–13.0 | μg/L |
Oxalate | Serum | 1.0–2.4 | mg/L | 11.4 | 11–27 | μmol/L |
Oxazepam (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 0.2–1.4 | μg/mL | 3.49 | 0.7–54.9 | μmol/L |
Oxycodone (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 10–100 | ng/mL | 3.17 | 32–317 | nmol/L |
Oxygen, partial pressure (Po2) | Arterial blood | 80–100 | mm Hg | 1 | 80–100 | mm Hg |
Pantothenic acid (see vitamin B5) |
Parathyroid hormone: |
Intactb | Serum | 10–50 | pg/mL | 1 | 10–50 | ng/L |
N-terminal specificb | Serum | 8–24 | pg/mL | 1 | 8–24 | ng/L |
C-terminal (mid-molecule) | Serum | 0–340 | pg/mL | 1 | 0–340 | ng/L |
Pentobarbital (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 1–5 | μg/mL | 4.42 | 4.0–22 | μmol/L |
Pepsinogen Ib | Serum | 28–100 | ng/mL | 1 | 28–100 | μg/L |
pH (see blood gases) |
Phenobarbital (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 15–40 | μg/mL | 4.31 | 65–172 | μmol/L |
Phenylalanineb | Plasma | 0.6–1.5 | mg/dL | 60.5 | 35–90 | μmol/L |
Phenytoin (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 10–20 | μg/mL | 3.96 | 40–79 | μmol/L |
Phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid | Serum | 1.5–4.5 | U/L | 0.017 | 0.03–0.08 | μkat/L |
Phosphorus (inorganic)b | Serum | 2.3–4.7 | mg/dL | 0.3229 | 0.74–1.52 | mmol/L |
Phosphorus (inorganic)b | Urine | 0.4–1.3 | g/24 h | 32.29 | 12.9–42.0 | mmol/day |
Plasminogen | Plasma | 80–120 | % | 0.01 | 0.80–1.20 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity | Plasma | 3–56 | mIU/mL | 1 | 3–56 | IU/L |
Platelet count (see complete blood count, platelet count) |
Porphobilinogen deaminase | Red blood cells | >7.0 | nmol/s/L | 1 | >7.0 | nmol/(s L) |
Potassium | Plasma | 3.5–5.0 | mEq/L | 1 | 3.5–5.0 | mmol/L |
Prealbumin—transthyretin | Serum, plasma | 18–45 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 0.18–0.45 | g/L |
Pregnanediol,b female: |
Follicular phase | Urine | <2.6 | mg/24 h | 3.12 | <8 | μmol/day |
Luteal phase | Urine | 2.3–10.6 | mg/24 h | 3.12 | 8–33 | μmol/day |
Pregnanediol,b male | Urine | 0–1.9 | mg/24 h | 3.12 | 0–5.9 | μmol/day |
Pregnanetriolb | Urine | <2.5 | mg/24 h | 2.97 | <7.5 | μmol/day |
Primidone (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 12 May | μg/mL | 4.58 | 23–55 | μmol/L |
Procainamide (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 10 Apr | μg/mL | 4.23 | 17–42 | μmol/L |
Progesterone,b female: |
Follicular phase | Serum | 0.1–0.7 | ng/mL | 3.18 | 0.5–2.2 | nmol/L |
Luteal phase | Serum | 2.0–25.0 | ng/mL | 3.18 | 6.4–79.5 | nmol/L |
Progesterone,b male | Serum | 0.13–0.97 | ng/mL | 3.18 | 0.4–3.1 | nmol/L |
Prolactin (nonlactating subject) | Serum | 1–25 | ng/mL | 1 | 1–25 | μg/L |
Prolineb | Plasma | 1.2–3.9 | mg/dL | 86.9 | 104–340 | μmol/L |
Propoxyphene (therapeutic) | Serum | 0.1–0.4 | μg/mL | 2.946 | 0.3–1.2 | μmol/L |
Propanolol (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 50–100 | ng/mL | 3.86 | 190–386 | nmol/L |
Protein (total)b | Serum | 6.0–8.0 | g/dL | 10 | 60–80 | g/L |
Protein C activity | Plasma | 70–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.70–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Protein electrophoresis (serum protein electrophoresis [SPEP]), fraction of total protein: |
Albumin | Serum | 52–65 | % | 0.01 | 0.52–0.65 | Fraction of 1.0 |
α1-Globulin | Serum | 2.5–5.0 | % | 0.01 | 0.025–0.05 | Fraction of 1.0 |
α2-Globulin | Serum | 7.0–13.0 | % | 0.01 | 0.07–0.13 | Fraction of 1.0 |
β-Globulin | Serum | 8.0–14.0 | % | 0.01 | 0.08–0.14 | Fraction of 1.0 |
γ-Globulin | Serum | 12.0–22.0 | % | 0.01 | 0.12–0.22 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Protein electrophoresis (SPEP), concentration: |
Albumin | Serum | 3.2–5.6 | g/dL | 10 | 32–56 | g/L |
α1-Globulin | Serum | 0.1–0.4 | g/dL | 10 | 1–10 | g/L |
α2-Globulin | Serum | 0.4–1.2 | g/dL | 10 | 4–12 | g/L |
β-Globulin | Serum | 0.5–1.1 | g/dL | 10 | 5–11 | g/L |
γ-Globulin | Serum | 0.5–1.6 | g/dL | 10 | 5–16 | g/L |
Protein S activity | Plasma | 70–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.70–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Protein S free antigen | Plasma | 80–160 | % | 0.01 | 0.80–1.60 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Prothrombin time (PT) | Plasma | 10–13 | seconds | 1 | 10–13 | seconds |
Protoporphyrin | Red blood cells | 15–50 | μg/dL | 0.0177 | 0.27–0.89 | μmol/L |
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Serum | 0–4.0 | ng/mL | 1 | 0–4.0 | μg/L |
Pyridinium cross-links (deoxypyridinoline): |
Male | Urine | 10.3–20 | nmol/mmol creatinine | 1 | 10.3–20 | nmol/mmol creatinine |
Premenopausal female | Urine | 15.3–33.6 | nmol/mmol creatinine | 1 | 15.3–33.6 | nmol/mmol creatinine |
Pyridoxine (see vitamin B6) |
Pyruvate (as pyruvic acid) | Whole blood | 0.3–0.9 | mg/dL | 113.6 | 34–102 | μmol/L |
Quinidine (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 2.0–5.0 | μg/mL | 3.08 | 6.2–15.4 | μmol/L |
Red blood cell count (see complete blood count) |
Red cell folate (see folate) |
Renin (normal-sodium diet)b | Plasma | 1.1–4.1 | ng/mL/h | 1 | 1.1–4.1 | ng/(mL h) |
Reticulocyte countb | Whole blood | 25–75 | 103 μL−1 | 1 | 25–75 | 109 L−1 |
Reticulocyte countb (fraction) | Whole blood | 0.5–1.5 | % of RBCs | 0.01 | 0.005–0.015 | Fraction of RBCs |
Retinol (see vitamin A) |
Rheumatoid factor | Serum | <30 | IU/mL | 1 | <30 | kIU/L |
Riboflavin (see vitamin B2) |
Salicylates (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 15–30 | mg/dL | 0.0724 | 1.08–2.17 | mmol/L |
Sedimentation rate (see erythrocyte sedimentation rate) |
Selenium | Whole blood | 58–234 | μg/L | 0.0127 | 0.74–2.97 | μmol/L |
Serineb | Plasma | 0.7–2.0 | mg/dL | 95.2 | 65–193 | μmol/L |
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) | Whole blood | 50–200 | ng/mL | 0.00568 | 0.28–1.14 | μmol/L |
Sertraline (therapeutic) | Serum or plasma | 10–50 | ng/mL | 3.27 | 33–164 | nmol/L |
SPEP (see protein electrophoresis) |
Sex hormone-binding globulinb | Serum | 0.5–1.5 | μg/dL | 34.7 | 17.4–52.1 | nmol/L |
Sirolimus (therapeutic) | Whole blood | 4–20 | ng/mL | 1.1 | 4–22 | nmol/L |
Sodiumb | Plasma | 136–142 | mEq/L | 1 | 136–142 | mmol/L |
Somatostatin | Plasma | <25 | pg/mL | 1 | <25 | ng/L |
Somatomedin C (see insulin-like growth factor) |
Strychnine (toxic) | Whole blood | >0.5 | mg/L | 2.99 | >1.5 | μmol/L |
Substance P | Plasma | <240 | pg/mL | 1 | <240 | ng/L |
Sulfhemoglobin | Whole blood | <1.0 | % of total Hb | 0.01 | <0.010 | Fraction of total Hb |
Tacrolimus (therapeutic) | Whole blood | 3–20 | ng/mL | 1.24 | 4–25 | nmol/L |
Taurineb | Plasma | 0.3–2.1 | mg/dL | 80 | 24–168 | μmol/L |
Testosterone,b male | Plasma, serum | 300–1200 | ng/dL | 0.0347 | 10.4–41.6 | nmol/L |
Testosterone,b female | Plasma, serum | <85 | ng/dL | 0.0347 | 2.95 | nmol/L |
Theophylline (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 10–20 | μg/mL | 5.55 | 56–111 | μmol/L |
Thiamine (see vitamin B1) |
Thiocyanate (nonsmoker) | Plasma, serum | 1–4 | mg/L | 17.2 | 17–69 | μmol/L |
Thiopental (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 1–5 | μg/mL | 4.13 | 4–21 | μmol/L |
Thioridazine (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 1.0–1.5 | μg/mL | 2.7 | 2.7–4.1 | μmol/L |
Thrombin time | Plasma | 16–24 | seconds | 1 | 16–24 | seconds |
Threonineb | Plasma | 0.9–2.5 | mg/dL | 84 | 75–210 | μmol/L |
Thyroglobulinb | Serum | 3–42 | ng/mL | 1 | 3–42 | μg/L |
Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH)b | Serum | 0.5–5.0 | μIU/mL | 1 | 0.5–5.0 | mU/L |
Thyroxine, free (FT4)b | Serum | 0.9–2.3 | ng/dL | 12.87 | 12–30 | pmol/L |
Thyroxine, total (T4)b | Serum | 5.5–12.5 | μg/dL | 12.87 | 71–160 | nmol/L |
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG),b as T4 binding capacity | Serum | 10–26 | μg/dL | 12.9 | 129–335 | nmol/L |
Tissue plasminogen activator | Plasma | <0.04 | IU/mL | 1000 | <40 | IU/L |
Tobramycin (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 5–10 | μg/mL | 2.14 | 10–21 | μmol/L |
Tocainide (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 4–10 | μg/mL | 5.2 | 21–52 | μmol/L |
α-Tocopherol (see vitamin E) |
Topiramate (therapeutic) | Serum, plasma | 5–20 | μg/mL | 2.95 | 15–59 | μmol/L |
Transferrin (siderophilin)b | Serum | 200–380 | mg/dL | 0.01 | 2.0–3.8 | g/L |
Triglyceridesb | Plasma, serum | 10–190 | mg/dL | 0.01129 | 0.11–2.15 | mmol/L |
Triiodothyronine, free (FT3)b | Serum | 260–480 | pg/dL | 0.0154 | 4.0–7.4 | pmol/L |
Triiodothyronine, resin uptakeb | Serum | 25–35 | % | 0.01 | 0.25–0.35 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Triiodothyronine, total (T3)b | Serum | 70–200 | ng/dL | 0.0154 | 1.08–3.14 | nmol/L |
Troponin I (cardiac) | Serum | 0–0.4 | ng/mL | 1 | 0–0.4 | μg/L |
Troponin T (cardiac) | Serum | 0–0.1 | ng/mL | 1 | 0–0.1 | μg/L |
Tryptophanb | Plasma | 0.5–1.5 | mg/dL | 48.97 | 25–73 | μmol/L |
Tyrosineb | Plasma | 0.4–1.6 | mg/dL | 55.19 | 20–90 | μmol/L |
Urea nitrogen (BUN)b | Serum | 8–23 | mg/dL | 0.0357 | 2.9–8.2 | mmol/L |
Uric acidb | Serum | 4.0–8.5 | mg/dL | 0.0595 | 0.24–0.51 | mmol/L |
Urobilinogenb | Urine | 0.05–2.5 | mg/24 h | 1.693 | 0.1–4.2 | μmol/day |
Valineb | Plasma | 1.7–3.7 | mg/dL | 85.5 | 145–315 | μmol/L |
Valproic acid (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 50–150 | μg/mL | 6.93 | 346–1040 | μmol/L |
Vancomycin (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 10–20 | μg/mL | 0.69 | 6.9–13.8 | μmol/L |
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)b | Urine | 2.1–7.6 | mg/24 h | 5.046 | 11–38 | μmol/day |
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide | Plasma | <50 | pg/mL | 1 | <50 | ng/L |
Verapamil (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 100–500 | ng/mL | 2.2 | 220–1100 | nmol/L |
Vitamin A (retinol)b | Serum | 30–80 | μg/dL | 0.0349 | 1.05–2.80 | μmol/L |
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | Whole blood | 2.5–7.5 | μg/dL | 29.6 | 74–222 | nmol/L |
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | Plasma, serum | 4–24 | μg/dL | 26.6 | 106–638 | nmol/L |
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) | Whole blood | 0.2–1.8 | μg/mL | 4.56 | 0.9–8.2 | μmol/L |
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | Plasma | 5–30 | ng/mL | 4.046 | 20–121 | nmol/L |
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)b | Serum | 160–950 | pg/mL | 0.7378 | 118–701 | pmol/L |
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Plasma, serum | 0.4–1.5 | mg/dL | 56.78 | 23–85 | μmol/L |
Vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D | Plasma, serum | 16–65 | pg/mL | 2.6 | 42–169 | pmol/L |
Vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D | Plasma, serum | 14–60 | ng/mL | 2.496 | 35–150 | nmol/L |
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)b | Plasma, serum | 0.5–1.8 | mg/dL | 23.22 | 12–42 | μmol/L |
Vitamin K | Plasma, serum | 0.13–1.19 | ng/mL | 2.22 | 0.29–2.64 | nmol/L |
von Willebrand factor (ranges vary according to blood type) | Plasma | 70–140 | % | 0.01 | 0.70–1.40 | Fraction of 1.0 |
Warfarin (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 1.0–10 | μg/mL | 3.24 | 3.2–32.4 | μmol/L |
White blood cell countb | Whole blood | 4.5–11.0 | 103 μL−1 | 1 | 4.5–11.0 | 109 L−1 |
White blood cell, differential count (see complete blood count) |
Xylose absorption test (25-g dose)b | Whole blood | >25 mg/dL | mg/dL | 0.06661 | >1.7 | mmol/L |
Zidovudine (therapeutic) | Plasma, serum | 0.15–0.27 | μg/mL | 3.74 | 0.56–1.01 | μmol/L |
Zinc | Serum | 50–150 | μg/dL | 0.153 | 7.7–23.0 | μmol/L |