Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content +++ APPENDIX A ++ Table Graphic Jump LocationFavorite Table | Download (.pdf) | Print Normal Values of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets in Adult Human Blood * Erythrocytes Male: 4.3–5.7 million/μL blood Female: 3.9–5.1 million/μL blood Hemoglobin Male: 13.5–17.5 g/dL Female: 12.0–15.5 g/dL Hematocrit Male: 38.8%–50% Female: 34.9%–44.5% Platelets 150,000–450,000/μL of blood White blood cells 4000–11,000/μL of blood Types of leukocytes Percentage of total leukocytes Primary role Polymorphonuclear granulocytes Neutrophils 40–80 Phagocytosis Eosinophils 1–6 Allergic hypersensitivity reactions Basophils <1–2 Allergic hypersensitivity reactions Monocytes 1–6 Phagocytosis and antibody production Lymphocytes 20–40 Antibody production and cell-mediated immunity * Normal reference ranges vary somewhat with age and race. They may also vary from laboratory to laboratory. To confuse the issue further, various unit measurements are used to report blood data, and so caution must be used in examining data. +++ APPENDIX B ++ Table Graphic Jump LocationFavorite Table | Download (.pdf) | Print Some Normal Constituents of Adult Human Plasma Class Constituent Amount/normal concentration range Electrolytes (inorganic) Cations Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) Iron (Fe3+) Copper (Cu2+) Hydrogen (H+) 136–145 mEq/L 3.5–5.0 mEq/L 2.1–3.7 mEq/L 1.2–1.8 mEq/L 60–160 μg/dL 70–155 μg/dL 35–45 nmol/L (pH = 7.35–7.45) Anions Chloride (Cl−) Bicarbonate (HCO3 −) Sulfate (SO4 2−) Phosphate (HPO4 2− mostly) 95–105 mEq/L 23–28 mEq/L 0.9–1.1 mEq/L 2.5–4.5 mg/dL Proteins Total (7% of plasma weight) Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen 6–8 g/dL 3.4–5.0 g/dL 2.2–4.0 g/dL 150–400 mg/dL Lipids Cholesterol—Total LDL cholesterol HDL cholesterol Triglycerides <200 mg/dL <100 mg/dL >60 mg/dL <150 mg/dL Carbohydrates Glucose Lactate 80–120 mg/dL 0.67–1.8 mEq/L Waste products Uric acid (from nucleic acids) Blood urea nitrogen (from protein) Creatinine (from creatine) Bilirubin (from heme) 2.6–7.0 mg/dL 7–20 mg/dL 0.5–1.1 mg/dL 0.3–1.0 mg/dL +++ APPENDIX C ++ Key Cardiovascular Variables and Their Normal Determinants1 ++ p − A = CO × TPR ++ CO = SV × HR ++ SV = EDV − ESV ++ Ejection fraction = SV/EDV ++ SV ← pump ventricular { (+) ↑ cardiac preload (via effect on EDV) (+) ↑ cardiac contractility (via effect on ESV) (−) ↑ cardiac afterload (via effect on ESV) ++ Cardiac preload ∝ P CV (“∝” means “is proportional to”) ++ P CV ← volume central blood { (+) ↑ total blood volume (+) ↑ peripheral venous tone (+) skeletal muscle pump (+) respiratory pump (−) standing (−) ↑ cardiac output ++ Venous tone ← { ( + ) ↑ sympatheric activity (via NE, α-receptors) ++ Contractility ← cells ventricular { ( + ) ↑ sympatheric activity ( via NE, β -receptors ) ++ Cardiac afterload ∝ p A − ++ HR ← firing rat SA node cell { (+) ↑ sympathetic activity (via NE, β-receptors) (−) ↑ parasympathetic activity (via ACh) ++ TPR ← tone arteriolar { (+) ↑ sympathetic activity (via NE, α-receptors) (−) ↑ local metabolites ( ↑ local metabolic rate) ++ P P ∝ SV/ C A + ++ 1 P − A , mean arterial pressure; CO, cardiac output; TPR, total peripheral resistance; SV, stroke ... GET ACCESS TO THIS RESOURCE Sign In Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Forgot Username? Forgot Password? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth Get Free Access Through Your Institution Contact your institution's library to ask if they subscribe to McGraw-Hill Medical Products. Access My Subscription GET ACCESS TO THIS RESOURCE Subscription Options Pay Per View Timed Access to all of AccessMedicine 24 Hour $34.95 (USD) Buy Now 48 Hour $54.95 (USD) Buy Now Best Value AccessMedicine Full Site: One-Year Individual Subscription $995 USD Buy Now View All Subscription Options