Abbreviations
AAV: adeno-associated virus
AC: adenylyl cyclase
ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACh: acetylcholine
AChE: acetylcholinesterase
AKAP: A-kinase anchoring protein
AMPA: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid
AngII: angiotensin II
ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide
Apaf-1: apoptotic activating protease factor 1
ASO: antisense oligonucleotide
ATG: autophagy gene
AT1R: AT1 receptor
BNP: brain natriuretic peptide
cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate
cAMP-GEF: cAMP-guanine exchange factor
cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate
CNG: cyclic nucleotide–gated channel
CNP: C-type natriuretic peptide
CREB: cAMP response element–binding protein
CRISPR/Cas9: clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9
DA: dopamine
DAG: diacylglycerol
DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy
DRAM: damage-regulated autophagy modulator
4EBP: eukaryotic initiation factor 4e (eif-4E)–binding protein
EC50: half-maximally effective concentration
EGF: epidermal growth factor
eNOS: endothelial NOS (NOS3)
EPAC: exchange protein activated by cAMP
FADD: Fas-associated death domain
FGF: fibroblast growth factor
FKBP12: immunophilin target (binding protein) for tacrolimus (FK506)
FXR: farnesoid X receptor
GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid
GAP: GTPase-activating protein
GC: guanylyl cyclase
GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor
GI: gastrointestinal
GPCR: G protein–coupled receptor
GRK: GPCR kinase
HCN: hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide–gated channel
HRE: hormone response element
5HT: serotonin
IGF1R: insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor
IKK: IκB kinase
iNOS: inducible NOS (NOS2)
IP3: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
IRAK: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase
Jak: Janus kinase
JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase
KATP: ATP-dependent K+ channel
Ki: affinity of a competitive antagonist
LBD: ligand-binding domain
LDLR: low-density lipoprotein receptor
LXR: liver X receptor
MAO: monoamine oxidase
MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase
MHC: major histocompatibility complex
MLCK: myosin light chain kinase
mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin
MyD88: myeloid differentiation protein 88
NE: norepinephrine
NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B
NGF: nerve growth factor
NGG: 5′-(any Nucleotide)-Guanosine-Guanosine-3′
NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate
nmDMD: nonsense mutation Duchenne muscular dystrophy
nNOS: neuronal NOS (NOS1)
NO: nitric oxide
NOS: NO synthase
NPR-A: ANP receptor
NPR-B: natriuretic peptide B receptor
NPR-C: natriuretic peptide C receptor
NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
PDE: cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
PAM: protospacer-adjacent motif
PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor
PDGF-R: PDGR receptor
PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PIP3: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
PK_: protein kinase _ (e.g., PKA)
PKB: protein kinase B (also known as Akt)
PLC: phospholipase C
PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
RGS: regulator of G protein signaling
RIP1: receptor interacting protein 1
RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex
RNAi: RNA interference
RXR: retinoic acid receptor
SERCA: SR Ca2+-ATPase
sGC: soluble guanylyl cyclase
sgRNA: single “guide” RNA
siRNA: small interfering RNA
S6K: S6 kinase
SMAC: second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase
SMC: smooth muscle cell
SR: sarcoplasmic reticulum
STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription
TAK1: transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1
TCR: T cell receptor
TGF-β: transforming growth factor β
TLR: Toll-like receptor
TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α
TRADD: TNF receptor–associated death domain
TRAF: TNF receptor–associated factor
TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
TRP: transient receptor potential
VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor