IL-1α, β | Type I IL-1r, Type II IL-1r | Monocytes/macrophages, B cells, fibroblasts, most epithelial cells including thymic epithelium, endothelial cells | All cells | Upregulates adhesion molecule expression, neutrophil and macrophage emigration, mimics shock, fever, upregulates hepatic acute-phase protein production, facilitates hematopoiesis |
IL-2 | IL-2r α, β, common γ | T cells | T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes-macrophages | Promotes T cell activation and proliferation, B cell growth, NK cell proliferation and activation, enhanced monocyte/macrophage cytolytic activity |
IL-3 | IL-3r, common β | T cells, NK cells, mast cells | Monocytes-macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, bone marrow progenitors | Stimulates hematopoietic progenitors |
IL-4 | IL-4r α, common γ | T cells, mast cells, basophils | T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes-macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, endothelial cells, fibroblasts | Stimulates TH2 helper T cell differentiation and proliferation; stimulates B cell Ig class switch to IgG1 and IgE anti-inflammatory action on T cells, monocytes; produced by T follicular helper cells in B cell germinal centers that stimulate B cell maturation. |
IL-5 | IL-5r α, common γ | T cells, mast cells, eosinophils | Eosinophils, basophils, murine B cells | Regulates eosinophil migration and activation |
IL-6 | IL-6r, gp130 | Monocytes-macrophages, B cells, fibroblasts, most epithelium including thymic epithelium, endothelial cells | T cells, B cells, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, monocytes-macrophages | Induces acute-phase protein production, T and B cell differentiation and growth, myeloma cell growth, and osteoclast growth and activation |
IL-7 | IL-7r α, common γ | Bone marrow, thymic epithelial cells | T cells, B cells, bone marrow cells | Differentiates B, T, and NK cell precursors, activates T and NK cells |
IL-8 | CXCR1, CXCR2 | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells | Neutrophils, T cells, monocytes-macrophages, endothelial cells, basophils | Induces neutrophil, monocyte, and T cell migration, induces neutrophil adherence to endothelial cells and histamine release from basophils, and stimulates angiogenesis; suppresses proliferation of hepatic precursors |
IL-9 | IL-9r α, common γ | T cells | Bone marrow progenitors, B cells, T cells, mast cells | Induces mast cell proliferation and function, synergizes with IL-4 in IgG and IgE production and T cell growth, activation, and differentiation |
IL-10 | IL-10r | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, B cells, keratinocytes, mast cells | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells, mast cells | Inhibits macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production, downregulates cytokine class II antigen and B7-1 and B7-2 expression, inhibits differentiation of TH1 helper T cells, inhibits NK cell function, stimulates mast cell proliferation and function, B cell activation, and differentiation |
IL-11 | IL-11r α, gp130 | Bone marrow stromal cells | Megakaryocytes, B cells, hepatocytes | Induces megakaryocyte colony formation and maturation, enhances antibody responses, stimulates acute-phase protein production |
IL-12 (35-kDa and 40-kDa subunits) | IL-12r | Activated macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils | T cells, NK cells | Induces TH1 T helper cell formation and lymphokine-activated killer cell formation; increases CD8+ CTL cytolytic activity; ↓IL-17, ↑IFN-γ |
IL-13 | IL-13r/IL-4r α | T cells (TH2) | Monocytes-macrophages, B cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes | Upregulates VCAM-1 and C-C chemokine expression on endothelial cells and B cell activation and differentiation, and inhibits macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production |
IL-14 | Unknown | T cells | Normal and malignant B cells | Induces B cell proliferation, inhibits antibody secretion, and expands selected B cell subgroups |
IL-15 | IL-15r α, common γ, IL2r β | Monocytes-macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts | T cells, NK cells | Promotes T cell activation and proliferation, angiogenesis, and NK cells |
IL-16 | CD4 | Mast cells, eosinophils, CD8+ T cells, respiratory epithelium | CD4+ T cells, monocytes- macrophages, eosinophils | Promotes chemoattraction of CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and eosinophils; inhibits HIV replication; inhibits T cell activation through CD3/T cell receptor |
IL-17 | IL-17r | CD4+ T cells | Fibroblasts, endothelium, epithelium, macrophages | Enhances cytokine/chemokine secretion; promotes delayed-type reactions |
IL-18 | IL-18r (IL-1R-related protein) | Keratinocytes, macrophages | T cells, B cells, NK cells | Upregulates IFN-γ production, enhances NK cell cytotoxicity |
IL-21 | IL-δγ chain/IL-21R | CD4 T cells | NK cells | Downregulates NK cell–activating molecules, NKG2D/DAP10; produced by T follicular helper cells in B cell germinal centers that stimulate B cell maturation. |
IL-22 | IL-22 R1/IL-10R2 | DC, T cells | Epithelial cells | Innate responses against bacterial pathogens; promotes hepatocyte survival |
IL-23 | IL-12Rb1/IL23R | Macrophages, other cell types | T cells | Opposite effects of IL-12 (↑IL-17, ↑IFN-γ) |
IL-24 | IL-20 R1/IL-20R2 IL-22R1/IL-20 R2 | Macrophages, TH2 cells | Nonhematopoietic cells such as fibroblasts | Promotes wound healing |
IL-25 (also called IL-17E) | IL-17RB | CD4 T cells, mast cells | Fibroblasts, endothelium, epithelium, macrophages | Proinflammatory; induces cytokine production |
IL-26 | IL-20 R1/IL-10R2 | TH1, TH17 T cells, synovial cells | Epithelial cells | Proinflammatory; induces cytokine production |
IFN-α | Type I interferon receptor | All cells | All cells | Promotes antiviral activity; stimulates T cell, macrophage, and NK cell activity; direct antitumor effects; upregulates MHC class I antigen expression; used therapeutically in viral and autoimmune conditions |
IFN-β | Type I interferon receptor | All cells | All cells | Antiviral activity; stimulates T cell, macrophage, and NK cell activity; direct antitumor effects; upregulates MHC class I antigen expression; used therapeutically in viral and autoimmune conditions |
IFN-γ | Type II interferon receptor | T cells, NK cells | All cells | Regulates macrophage and NK cell activations; stimulates immunoglobulin secretion by B cells; induction of class II histocompatibility antigens; TH1 T cell differentiation |
TNF-α | TNFrI, TNFrII | Monocytes-macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, NK cells, B cells, T cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, thymic epithelial cells | All cells except erythrocytes | Fever, anorexia, shock, capillary leak syndrome, enhanced leukocyte cytotoxicity, enhanced NK cell function, acute phase protein synthesis, proinflammatory cytokine induction |
TNF-β | TNFrI, TNFrII | T cells, B cells | All cells except erythrocytes | Cell cytotoxicity, lymph node and spleen development |
LT-β | LTβR | T cells | All cells except erythrocytes | Cell cytotoxicity, normal lymph node development |
G-CSF | G-CSFr; gp130 | Monocytes-macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, stromal cells | Myeloid cells, endothelial cells | Regulates myelopoiesis; enhances survival and function of neutrophils; clinical use in reversing neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy |
GM-CSF | GM-CSFr, common β | T cells, monocytes-macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells | Monocytes-macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells | Regulates myelopoiesis; enhances macrophage bactericidal and tumoricidal activity; mediator of dendritic cell maturation and function; upregulates NK cell function; clinical use in reversing neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy |
M-CSF | M-CSFr (c-fms protooncogene) | Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, monocytes-macrophages, T cells, B cells, epithelial cells including thymic epithelium | Monocytes-macrophages | Regulates monocyte-macrophage production and function |
LIF | LIFr-α; gp130 | Activated T cells, bone marrow stromal cells, thymic epithelium | Megakaryocytes, monocytes, hepatocytes, possibly lymphocyte subpopulations | Induces hepatic acute-phase protein production; stimulates macrophage differentiation; promotes growth of myeloma cells and hematopoietic progenitors; stimulates thrombopoiesis |
OSM | OSMr; LIFr; gp130 | Activated monocytes-macrophages and T cells, bone marrow stromal cells, some breast carcinoma cell lines, myeloma cells | Neurons, hepatocytes, monocytes-macrophages, adipocytes, alveolar epithelial cells, embryonic stem cells, melanocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, myeloma cells | Induces hepatic acute-phase protein production; stimulates macrophage differentiation; promotes growth of myeloma cells and hematopoietic progenitors; stimulates thrombopoiesis; stimulates growth of Kaposi’s sarcoma cells |
SCF | SCFr (c-kit protooncogene) | Bone marrow stromal cells and fibroblasts | Embryonic stem cells, myeloid and lymphoid precursors, mast cells | Stimulates hematopoietic progenitor cell growth, mast cell growth; promotes embryonic stem cell migration |
TGF-β (3 isoforms) | Type I, II, III TGF-β receptor | Most cell types | Most cell types | Downregulates T cell, macrophage, and granulocyte responses; stimulates synthesis of matrix proteins; stimulates angiogenesis |
Lymphotactin/SCM-1 | XCR1 | NK cells, mast cells, double-negative thymocytes, activated CD8+ T cells | T cells, NK cells | Chemoattractant for lymphocytes; only known chemokine of C class |
MCP-1 | CCR2 | Fibroblasts, smooth-muscle cells, activated PBMCs | Monocytes-macrophages, NK cells, memory T cells, basophils | Chemoattractant for monocytes, activated memory T cells, and NK cells; induces granule release from CD8+ T cells and NK cells; potent histamine-releasing factor for basophils; suppresses proliferation of hematopoietic precursors; regulates monocyte protease production |
MCP-2 | CCR1, CCR2 | Fibroblasts, activated PBMCs | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, eosinophils, basophils, NK cells | Chemoattractant for monocytes, memory and naïve T cells, eosinophils, ?NK cells; activates basophils and eosinophils; regulates monocyte protease production |
MCP-3 | CCR1, CCR2 | Fibroblasts, activated PBMCs | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, eosinophils, basophils, NK cells, dendritic cells | Chemoattractant for monocytes, memory and naïve T cells, dendritic cells, eosinophils, ?NK cells; activates basophils and eosinophils; regulates monocyte protease production |
MCP-4 | CCR2, CCR3 | Lung, colon, small intestinal epithelial cells, activated endothelial cells | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, eosinophils, basophils | Chemoattractant for monocytes, T cells, eosinophils, and basophils |
Eotaxin | CCR3 | Pulmonary epithelial cells, heart | Eosinophils, basophils | Potent chemoattractant for eosinophils and basophils; induces allergic airways disease; acts in concert with IL-5 to activate eosinophils; antibodies to eotaxin inhibit airway inflammation |
TARC | CCR4 | Thymus, dendritic cells, activated T cells | T cells, NK cells | Chemoattractant for T and NK cells |
MDC | CCR4 | Monocytes-macrophages, dendritic cells, thymus | Activated T cells | Chemoattractant for activated T cells; inhibits infection with T cell tropic HIV |
MIP-1α | CCR1, CCR5 | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, eosinophils, basophils | Chemoattractant for monocytes, T cells, dendritic cells, and NK cells, and weak chemoattractant for eosinophils and basophils; activates NK cell function; suppresses proliferation of hematopoietic precursors; necessary for myocarditis associated with coxsackievirus infection; inhibits infection with monocytotropic HIV |
MIP-1β | CCR5 | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells | Chemoattractant for monocytes, T cells, and NK cells; activates NK cell function; inhibits infection with monocytotropic HIV |
RANTES | CCR1, CCR2, CCR5 | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts, eosinophils | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils | Chemoattractant for monocytes-macrophages, CD4+, CD45Ro+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, eosinophils, and basophils; induces histamine release from basophils; inhibits infections with monocytotropic HIV |
LARC/MIP-3α/Exodus-1 | CCR6 | Dendritic cells, fetal liver cells, activated T cells | T cells, B cells | Chemoattractant for lymphocytes |
ELC/MIP-3β | CCR7 | Thymus, lymph node, appendix | Activated T cells and B cells | Chemoattractant for B and T cells; receptor upregulated on EBV-infected B cells and HSV-infected T cells |
I-309/TCA-3 | CCR8 | Activated T cells | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells | Chemoattractant for monocytes; prevents glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in some T cell lines |
SLC/TCA-4/Exodus-2 | CCR7 | Thymic epithelial cells, lymph node, appendix, and spleen | T cells | Chemoattractant for T lymphocytes; inhibits hematopoiesis |
DC-CK1/PARC | Unknown | Dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissues | Naïve T cells | May have a role in induction of immune responses |
TECK | CCR9 | Dendritic cells, thymus, liver, small intestine | T cells, monocytes-macrophages, dendritic cells | Thymic dendritic cell-derived cytokine, possibly involved in T cell development |
GRO-α/MGSA | CXCR2 | Activated granulocytes, monocyte-macrophages, and epithelial cells | Neutrophils, epithelial cells, ?endothelial cells | Neutrophil chemoattractant and activator; mitogenic for some melanoma cell lines; suppresses proliferation of hematopoietic precursors; angiogenic activity |
GRO-β/MIP-2α | CXCR2 | Activated granulocytes and monocyte-macrophages | Neutrophils and ?endothelial cells | Neutrophil chemoattractant and activator; angiogenic activity |
NAP-2 | CXCR2 | Platelets | Neutrophils, basophils | Derived from platelet basic protein; neutrophil chemoattractant and activator |
IP-10 | CXCR3 | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells | Activated T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, ?endothelial cells, ?NK cells | IFN-γ-inducible protein that is a chemoattractant for T cells; suppresses proliferation of hematopoietic precursors |
MIG | CXCR3 | Monocytes-macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts | Activated T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes | IFN-γ-inducible protein that is a chemoattractant for T cells; suppresses proliferation of hematopoietic precursors |
SDF-1 | CXCR4 | Fibroblasts | T cells, dendritic cells, ?basophils, ?endothelial cells | Low-potency, high-efficacy T cell chemoattractant; required for B-lymphocyte development; prevents infection of CD4+, CXCR4+ cells by T cell tropic HIV |
Fractalkine | CX3CR1 | Activated endothelial cells | NK cells, T cells, monocytes-macrophages | Cell-surface chemokine/mucin hybrid molecule that functions as a chemoattractant, leukocyte activator, and cell adhesion molecule |
PF-4 | Unknown | Platelets, megakaryocytes | Fibroblasts, endothelial cells | Chemoattractant for fibroblasts; suppresses proliferation of hematopoietic precursors; inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis |