I. Quantitative Disorders of Neutrophils A. Neutropenia12,13 1. Decreased neutrophilic granulopoiesis a. Congenital severe neutropenias (Kostmann syndrome and related disorders)14,15 b. Reticular dysgenesis (congenital aleukocytosis)16,17 c. Neutropenia and exocrine pancreas dysfunction (Shwachman-Diamond syndrome)13,18 d. Neutropenia and immunoglobulin abnormality (e.g., hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome)19,20,21 e. Neutropenia and disordered cellular immunity (cartilage hair hypoplasia)22,23 f. Mental retardation, anomalies, and neutropenia (Cohen syndrome)24,25 g. X-linked cardioskeletal myopathy and neutropenia (Barth syndrome)26,27 h. Myelokathexis28,29 i. Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome30,31 j. Neonatal neutropenia and maternal hypertension32,33 k. Griscelli syndrome34 l. Glycogen storage disease 1b35 m. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 236,37 n. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome38 o. Chronic hypoplastic neutropenia (1) Drug-induced39,40,41,42 (2) Cyclic43,44 (3) Branched-chain aminoacidemia45 p. Acute hypoplastic neutropenia (1) Drug-induced39,46,47 (2) Infectious48 q. Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (1) Benign (a) Familial49 (b) Sporadic50 (2) Symptomatic51,52,53 2. Accelerated neutrophil destruction a. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia54,55,56 b. Autoimmune neutropenia57,58,59 (1) Idiopathic59 (2) Drug-induced59,60 (3) Felty syndrome61,62,63 (4) Systemic lupus erythematosus64,65 (5) Other autoimmune diseases66,67,68,69,70,71 (6) Complement activation-induced neutropenia72 (7) Pure white cell aplasia71,73,74,75 3. Maldistribution of neutrophils a. Pseudoneutropenia76,77,78 B. Neutrophilia 1. Increased neutrophilic granulopoiesis a. Hereditary neutrophilia79 b. Trisomy 13 or 1880 c. Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia81 (1) Asplenia82 d. Neutrophilia or neutrophilic leukemoid reactions (1) Inflammation83,84 (2) Infection83,84,85 (3) Acute hemolysis or acute hemorrhage83 (4) Cancer, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-secreting tumors86,87,88,89 (5) Drugs (e.g., glucocorticoids, lithium, granulocyte- or granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α)83,90,91,92,93,94 (6) Ethylene glycol exposure83 (7) Exercise95,96 e. Sweet syndrome97,98 f. Cigarette smoking99,100 g. Cardiopulmonary bypass101 2. Decreased neutrophil circulatory egress a. Drugs (e.g., glucocorticoids)102 3. Maldistribution of neutrophils a. Pseudoneutrophilia103 II. Qualitative Disorders of Neutrophils A. Defective adhesion of neutrophils 1. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency104,105 2. Drug-induced106 B. Defective locomotion and chemotaxis 1. Actin polymerization and depolymerization abnormalities107,108,109,110,184 2. Neonatal neutrophils111 3. Interleukin-2 administration112 4. Cardiopulmonary bypass101 C. Defective microbial killing 1. Chronic granulomatous disease113,114 2. RAC-2 deficiency115,116 3. Myeloperoxidase deficiency117,118 4. Hyperimmunoglobulin E (Job) syndrome119,120 5. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency121,122 6. Extensive burns123,124 7. Glycogen storage disease Ib125,126 8. Ethanol toxicity127,128 9. End-stage renal disease129 10. Diabetes mellitus130 D. Abnormal structure of the nucleus or of an organelle 1. Hereditary macropolycytes131 2. Hereditary hypersegmentation135 3. Specific granule deficiency136,137,138 4. Pelger-Huët anomaly139,140 5. Alder-Reilly anomaly141 6. May-Hegglin anomaly142,143,144 7. Chédiak-Higashi disease145,146 III. Neutrophil-Induced Vascular or Tissue Damage147,148,149 A. Pulmonary disease150,151,152,153,154,155 B. Transfusion-related lung injury156,157 C. Renal disease158,159 D. Arterial occlusion160,161 E. Venous occlusion162 F. Myocardial infarction157,158,159,160,161,162,163,167 G. Ventricular function164,165,166,167,168 H. Stroke157,169 I. Neoplasia170,171,172 J. Sickle cell vasoocclusive crisis157,173 |