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Appendix II: Maternal Echocardiographic Measurements

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    Disclaimer: These citations have been automatically generated based on the information we have and it may not be 100% accurate. Please consult the latest official manual style if you have any questions regarding the format accuracy.

    AMA Citation
    Maternal Echocardiographic Measurements. In: Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Sheffield JS. Cunningham F, & Leveno K.J., & Bloom S.L., & Spong C.Y., & Dashe J.S., & Hoffman B.L., & Casey B.M., & Sheffield J.S.(Eds.),Eds. F. Gary Cunningham, et al.eds. Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill; Accessed July 14, 2020. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1057&sectionid=59789213
    APA Citation
    Maternal echocardiographic measurements. Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Sheffield JS. Cunningham F, & Leveno K.J., & Bloom S.L., & Spong C.Y., & Dashe J.S., & Hoffman B.L., & Casey B.M., & Sheffield J.S.(Eds.),Eds. F. Gary Cunningham, et al. (2013). Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1057&sectionid=59789213
    MLA Citation
    "Maternal Echocardiographic Measurements." Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Sheffield JS. Cunningham F, & Leveno K.J., & Bloom S.L., & Spong C.Y., & Dashe J.S., & Hoffman B.L., & Casey B.M., & Sheffield J.S.(Eds.),Eds. F. Gary Cunningham, et al. McGraw-Hill, 2013, https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1057&sectionid=59789213.

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Pregnancy
Left Ventricle 1st Trimester 2nd Trimester 3rd Trimester Postpartum
Geometry
 IVSd (mm) 7.3 ± 1.0 7.4 ± 1.1 7.8 ± 1.2 7.1 ± 0.9
 LVEDD (mm) 45–47.8 47–48.9 47–49.6 46–48.8
 LVESD (mm) 28–30 29–30.1 30–30.8 28–30.6
 PWd 6.3 ± 0.7 6.6 ± 0.7 6.9 ± 1.0 6.1 ± 0.6
 RWT 0.26–0.36 0.27–0.37 0.28–0.38 0.25–0.35
 LV mass (g) 111–121 121–135 136–151 114–119
 LV mass (g/m2) 66 ± 13 70 ± 12 76 ± 16 67 ± 11
Systolic function
 FS (%) 37–38 76–78 80–85 67–69
 SW thickening (%) 47 ± 17 53 ± 16 51 ± 15 54 ± 19
 PW thickening (%) 66 ± 16 72 ± 16 74 ± 16 71 ± 14
 VCFC (circ/sec) 1.15–0.3 1.18–0.16 1.18–0.12 1.18–0.12
 ESS (g/cm2) 59 ± 9 53 ± 11 52 ± 11 66 ± 12
Diastolic function
 Heart rate 75–76 76–78 80–85 67–69
 Mitral E wave (m/sec) 0.85 ± 0.13 0.84 ± 0.16 0.77 ± 0.15 0.77 ± 0.11
 Mitral A wave (m/sec) 0.5 ± 0.09 0.5 ± 0.1 0.55 ± 0.1 0.46 ± 0.1
 Deceleration time (ms) 176 ± 44 188 ± 40 193 ± 33 201 ± 48
 IVRT (ms) 90 ±19 79 ± 18 72 ± 16 69 ± 10
 E wave duration (ms) 263 ± 50 276 ± 43 282 ± 37 288 ± 48
 E and A wave duration (ms) 454 ± 121 412 ± 79 375 ± 63 523 ± 88

Values are ranges or means ± SD.

Circ = circumference; d = diastolic; ESS = end-systolic wall stress; FS = fractional shortening; IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time; IVSd = interventricular septum–diastole; LV = left ventricle; LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD = left ventricular end-systolic dimension; PW = posterior wall; RWT = relative wall thickening; SW = septal wall; VCFC = rate-adjusted mean velocity of circumferential fiber thickening.

Data from Savu (62A) and Vitarelli (71A).

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