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eFigure 10–14. Schematic drawing of pulmonary stenosis. See text for details. LA, left atrium; RA, right atrium; Ao, aorta; PA, pulmonary artery. Reproduced with permission from Obgyn Key. Obgyn Key Website, https://obgynkey.com/pulmonary-stenosis-pulmonary-atresia-with-intactventricular-septum-and-ductus-arteriosus-constriction/. A schematic diagram depicts pulmonary stenosis.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

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eFigure 10–20. Atrial septal defect, secundum type. Frontal (A) and lateral (B) views show mild to moderate cardiomegaly (without left atrial enlargement) and increased pulmonary vascularity. Source: http://mirc.luriechildrens.org/storage/ss4/docs/20060510122114531/MIRCdocument.xml. Used with permission from Cynthia Rigsby, MD. A chest radiograph shows the frontal view of lungs affected with Atrial septal defect, secundum type. The defect causes a hole in the wall between the two chambers of the heart. A chest radiograph shows the lateral view of lungs affected with Atrial septal defect, secundum type. The size of the heart is visibly, abnormally large. There is no enlargement of the left atrium.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Atrial Septal Defect & Patent Foramen Ovale

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eFigure 10–20. Atrial septal defect, secundum type. Frontal (A) and lateral (B) views show mild to moderate cardiomegaly (without left atrial enlargement) and increased pulmonary vascularity. Source: http://mirc.luriechildrens.org/storage/ss4/docs/20060510122114531/MIRCdocument.xml. Used with permission from Cynthia Rigsby, MD. A chest radiograph shows the frontal view of lungs affected with Atrial septal defect, secundum type. The defect causes a hole in the wall between the two chambers of the heart. A chest radiograph shows the lateral view of lungs affected with Atrial septal defect, secundum type. The size of the heart is visibly, abnormally large. There is no enlargement of the left atrium.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Atrial Septal Defect & Patent Foramen Ovale

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eFigure 10–25. Combined mitral valve defect with predominant stenosis. PA CXR (A) and left lateral radiograph with an esophagogram (B). Enlargement of the left atrium is manifested by a double contour along the right cardiac border, a prominent atrial appendage, and deep indentation and posterior curving of the opacified esophagus. (Reproduced, with permission, from Thelen M, Erel R, Kreitner KF, Barkhausen J. Cardiac Imaging: A Multimodality Approach. Thieme, 2009.) Two chest x rays in the front and lateral views, indicate enlargement of the left atrium, which pushes back the esophagus toward the spinal column.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Mitral Stenosis

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Figure 10–1. The AHA/ACC guidelines for intervention in mitral stenosis. AF, atrial fibrillation; LA, left atrial; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MVA, mitral valve area; MVR, mitral valve replacement; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PBMC, percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; ΔPmean, mean pressure gradient; T½, half-life. (Reprinted with permission Circulation. 2014;129:e521–e643 ©2014 American Heart Association, Inc.) A flowchart describes the 2014 A H A, A C C guidelines for intervention in mitral stenosis.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Mitral Stenosis

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eFigure 10–27. Transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of a stenotic aortic valve. Panels A and B (parasternal long-axis view and parasternal short-axis view) show the heavily calcified aortic valve with restricted opening in systole. Doppler hemodynamic assessment of the aortic valve (panels C and D) show significantly elevated velocity at 5.4 m/sec, mean pressure gradient of 62 mm Hg, and a calculated aortic valve of 0.6 cm2. A diagnosis of critical aortic stenosis is made. AV, aortic valve; LA, left atrium. (Reproduced, with permission, from Baliga RR, Abraham WT. Color Atlas and Synopsis of Heart Failure. 2018.) Four sonograms show aortic valve cysts.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Aortic Stenosis

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eFigure 10–49. Pericardial tamponade with right-sided collapse. Echocardiographic image showing pericardial tamponade with right-sided collapse. Eff, effusion; LA, left atrium; RA, right atrium. (From Holmes DR Jr et al. Iatrogenic pericardial effusion and tamponade in the percutaneous intracardiac intervention era. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:230. Used, with permission, from Priscilla Peters, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey.) An echocardiograph shows pericardial tamponade with collapse in the right side.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Pericardial Effusion & Tamponade

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