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eFigure 7–60. Accelerated hypertension in a young woman manifesting as marked optic disk edema, macular star of hard exudates, exudative retinal detachment, retinal hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots. (Reproduced, with permission, from Riordan-Eva P, Augsburger JJ. Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 19th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2018.) An image shows enlarged optic disk, hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots in the retina.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Retinal Disorders Associated with Systemic Diseases

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eFigure 7–64. Optic disk swelling with hemorrhages and pallor due to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. An image shows a swollen optic disc, with spots of hemorrhage in the retina.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

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eFigure 7–66. Moderately severe papilledema in the right eye (left image) and mild papilledema in the left eye (right image). In each eye the margins of the disk are blurred and the central cup is not seen due to disc swelling. The lack of nerve fiber layer hemorrhages or cotton wool spots suggests the disc swelling is not acute. An image shows enlarged optic disk in the right eye, and a slightly enlarged optic disk in the left eye.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Optic Disk Swelling

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eFigure 7–67. Severe acute papilledema. The disk margin is blurred and there is hemorrhage and nerve fiber layer whitening. An image shows a swollen and disintegrated optic disk, with hemorrhages around it.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Optic Disk Swelling

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eFigure 7–68. Chronic papilledema. The disk margin is blurred without hemorrhage or exudate. (Reproduced, with permission, from Riordan-Eva P, Augsburger JJ. Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 19th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2018.) An image shows an almost transparent and enlarged optic disk in both eyes.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Optic Disk Swelling

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eFigure 13–2. Mild papilledema. The disk margins are blurred superiorly and inferiorly by the thickened layer of nerve fibers entering the disk. (Reproduced, with permission, from Riordan-Eva P, Augsburger JJ. Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 19th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2018.) A fundus photograph of a patient with mild papilledema shows swelling of the red nerve fibers and a hazy blurring of the optic disk margins.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Approach to Hypertension

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eFigure 13–3. Acute papilledema. A: Optic disk swelling with cotton-wool spots and hemorrhages. B: Retinal exudates. (Reproduced, with permission, from Riordan-Eva P, Augsburger JJ. Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 19th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2018.) Two fundus photographs of a patient with acute papilledema reveal the associated clinical findings.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Uncontrolled Hypertension & Hypertensive Emergency

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eFigure 13–3. Acute papilledema. A: Optic disk swelling with cotton-wool spots and hemorrhages. B: Retinal exudates. (Reproduced, with permission, from Riordan-Eva P, Augsburger JJ. Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 19th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2018.) Two fundus photographs of a patient with acute papilledema reveal the associated clinical findings.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Uncontrolled Hypertension & Hypertensive Emergency

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eFigure 26–7. Papilledema from increased intracranial pressure. The optic disk is elevated and hyperemic with engorged retinal veins. The entire optic disk margin is blurred. Optic neuropathies can also have blurring of the entire disk margin but often, only part of the disk is blurred. (From Paul D. Comeau; used, with permission, from Usatine RP, Smith MA, Mayeaux EJ Jr, Chumley H, Tysinger J. The Color Atlas of Family Medicine. McGraw-Hill, 2009.) An image shows swollen optic disk with engorged blood vessels originating from the center.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 > Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)

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