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eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

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eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

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eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

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eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

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eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

View in Context

eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

View in Context

eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

View in Context

eFigure 37–45. Life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum. In the natural definitive host (pigs, cats, dogs, wild animals), the adult worms reside in a tumor that they induce in the gastric wall. They deposit eggs that are unembryonated when passed in the feces . Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release first-stage larvae . If ingested by a small crustacean (Cyclops, first intermediate host), the first-stage larvae develop into second-stage larvae . Following ingestion of the Cyclops by a fish, frog, or snake (second intermediate host), the second-stage larvae migrate into the flesh and develop into third-stage larvae . When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the third-stage larvae develop into adult parasites in the stomach wall . Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by the paratenic host (animals such as birds, snakes, and frogs) in which the third-stage larvae do not develop further but remain infective to the next predator . Humans become infected by eating undercooked fish or poultry containing third-stage larvae, or reportedly by drinking water containing infective second-stage larvae in Cyclops . (Adapted from a drawing provided by Dr. Sylvia Paz Díaz Camacho, Universidade Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico. Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of the Gnathostoma species.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Gnathostomiasis

View in Context

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