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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–9. Life cycle of Plasmodium. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect RBCs . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) , which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. (From Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of malarial parasite.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Malaria

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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eFigure 37–47. Filariasis (elephantiasis). Life cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. A: The typical vector for B malayi filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop into adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The adult worms resemble those of W bancrofti but are smaller. Female worms measure 43–55 mm in length by 130–170 mcm in width, and males measure 13–23 mm in length by 70–80 mcm in width. Adults produce microfilariae, measuring 177–230 mcm in length and 5–7 mcm in width, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and enter the bloodstream reaching the peripheral blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the midgut to reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage larvae . The third-stage larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . B: Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W bancrofti filariasis depending on geographic distribution. Among them are Culex (C annulirostris, C bitaeniorhynchus, C quinquefasciatus, and C pipiens); Anopheles (A arabinensis, A bancroftii, A farauti, A funestus, A gambiae, A koliensis, A melas, A merus, A punctulatus and A wellcomei); Aedes (A aegypti, A aquasalis, A bellator, A cooki, A darlingi, A kochi, A polynesiensis, A pseudoscutellaris, A rotumae, A scapularis, and A vigilax); Mansonia (M pseudotitillans, M uniformis); Coquillettidia (C juxtamansonia). During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound . They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics . The female worms measure 80–100 mm in length and 0.24–0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by 0.1 mm. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244–296 mcm by 7.5–10 mcm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity. The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood . A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal . After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito’s midgut and reach the thoracic muscles . There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae . The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito’s proboscis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal . (Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC.) A flowchart of the life cycle of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Lymphatic Filariasis

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