TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Nonmalignant Pleural Effusions
A1  - Heffner*, John E.
A2  - Grippi, Michael A.
A2  - Elias, Jack A.
A2  - Fishman, Jay A.
A2  - Kotloff, Robert M.
A2  - Pack, Allan I.
A2  - Senior, Robert M.
A2  - Siegel, Mark D.
PY  - 2015
T2  - Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders, 5e
AB  - Nonmalignant  pleural  effusions  develop  as  a  consequence  of  diverse  extrapleural  conditions  that  secondarily  affect  the  pleural  space.  These  disorders  include  systemic  diseases  (e.g.,  lupus),  disorders  of  individual  organ  systems  (e.g.,  chronic  pancreatitis,  congestive  heart  failure  [CHF]),  trauma  and  surgery,  and  iatrogenic  interventions  (e.g.,  drug  related).  Pleural  fluid  (PF)  collects  by  one  or  more  mechanisms:  (1)  pleural  injury  that  causes  increased  pleural  membrane  permeability  and  protein-rich  exudates,  (2)  increased  intravascular  hydrostatic  forces  and/or  decreased  oncotic  forces  that  cause  protein-poor  transudates,  and  (3)  extravasation  of  fluid  from  lymphatic  or  vascular  structures  or  from  an  adjacent  body  compartment  into  the  pleural  space.1  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1129858041
ER  -