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Figure E4–1. A: External examination shows deformity of the big toe joint. B: Radiograph is necessary to evaluate the extent of the deformity. (Used, with permission, from M. Dini, DPM.) A photo (A) shows the deformity of the big toe joint. A radiograph shows the left and right foot with bent big toe joints.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Bunion

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Figure E4–1. A: External examination shows deformity of the big toe joint. B: Radiograph is necessary to evaluate the extent of the deformity. (Used, with permission, from M. Dini, DPM.) A photo (A) shows the deformity of the big toe joint. A radiograph shows the left and right foot with bent big toe joints.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Bunion

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Figure 9–3. Pulmonary tuberculosis. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis in a 20-year-old man with CXR (A) showing right upper lobe consolidation (white arrow) and right hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (black arrows) and contrast-enhanced CT scan (B) showing mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows). (Used, with permission, from Carlos Santiago Restrepo, MD, in Usatine RP, Smith MA, Mayeaux EJ Jr, Chumley H. The Color Atlas of Family Medicine, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2013.) A radiograph and C T scan reveal pulmonary tuberculosis.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Pulmonary Tuberculosis

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Figure E4–2. Two radiographs showing hallux limitus. (Used, with permission, from M. Dini, DPM.) A frontal radiograph shows an arrow point to the hallux limitus on the right foot. A lateral radiograph shows an arrow point to the hallux limitus on the right foot.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Hallux Limitus

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Figure E4–2. Two radiographs showing hallux limitus. (Used, with permission, from M. Dini, DPM.) A frontal radiograph shows an arrow point to the hallux limitus on the right foot. A lateral radiograph shows an arrow point to the hallux limitus on the right foot.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Hallux Limitus

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Figure E4–9. A weight-bearing lateral radiograph of a foot. Visible here is a decreased calcaneal inclination angle, increased talar declination angle, increased first metatarsal declination angle, anterior break of the Cyma line, and incongruent Meary angle. (Used, with permission, from C. Parks, DPM.) A radiograph shows the lateral view of a foot.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Flatfoot (Pes Planus)

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eFigure 18–49. Choledocholithiasis. A: Sagittal ultrasonogram shows an echogenic stone in the cystic duct. G = gallbladder. B: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography radiograph demonstrates a dilated cystic duct with stones (arrowhead). B = biliary tract; C = (common) bile duct; H = hepatic duct. C: Transverse ultrasonogram demonstrates stones (arrowheads) in the gallbladder (GB) and bile duct (D). (Reproduced, with permission, from Krebs CA, Giyanani VL, Eisenberg RL: Ultrasound Atlas of Disease Processes. Originally published by Appleton & Lange. Copyright © 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) A sagittal ultrasonogram shows an arrowhead pointing toward a stone in the cystic duct adjacent to the gallbladder. A radiograph shows the presence of stones in the cystic duct. A transverse ultrasonogram shows stones deposited on the surface of gallbaldder and bile duct.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Choledocholithiasis & Cholangitis

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eFigure 18–49. Choledocholithiasis. A: Sagittal ultrasonogram shows an echogenic stone in the cystic duct. G = gallbladder. B: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography radiograph demonstrates a dilated cystic duct with stones (arrowhead). B = biliary tract; C = (common) bile duct; H = hepatic duct. C: Transverse ultrasonogram demonstrates stones (arrowheads) in the gallbladder (GB) and bile duct (D). (Reproduced, with permission, from Krebs CA, Giyanani VL, Eisenberg RL: Ultrasound Atlas of Disease Processes. Originally published by Appleton & Lange. Copyright © 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) A sagittal ultrasonogram shows an arrowhead pointing toward a stone in the cystic duct adjacent to the gallbladder. A radiograph shows the presence of stones in the cystic duct. A transverse ultrasonogram shows stones deposited on the surface of gallbaldder and bile duct.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Choledocholithiasis & Cholangitis

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eFigure 18–49. Choledocholithiasis. A: Sagittal ultrasonogram shows an echogenic stone in the cystic duct. G = gallbladder. B: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography radiograph demonstrates a dilated cystic duct with stones (arrowhead). B = biliary tract; C = (common) bile duct; H = hepatic duct. C: Transverse ultrasonogram demonstrates stones (arrowheads) in the gallbladder (GB) and bile duct (D). (Reproduced, with permission, from Krebs CA, Giyanani VL, Eisenberg RL: Ultrasound Atlas of Disease Processes. Originally published by Appleton & Lange. Copyright © 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) A sagittal ultrasonogram shows an arrowhead pointing toward a stone in the cystic duct adjacent to the gallbladder. A radiograph shows the presence of stones in the cystic duct. A transverse ultrasonogram shows stones deposited on the surface of gallbaldder and bile duct.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Choledocholithiasis & Cholangitis

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eFigure 18–57. Acute pancreatitis. CT shows diffuse enlargement of the pancreas (P) with dilated bile duct (arrow) and pancreatic duct (arrowheads). L, liver; a, aorta; K, kidneys; s, superior mesenteric artery. (Reproduced, with permission, from Krebs CA, Giyanani VL, Eisenberg RL. Ultrasound Atlas of Disease Processes. Originally published by Appleton & Lange. Copyright © 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) A radiograph of the abdomen in a transverse view reveals a mass on the pancreas.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Acute Pancreatitis

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eFigure 20–17. Pelvic inflammatory disease with a characteristic pyosalpinx (Fallopian tube filled, even distended, with pus), most commonly caused by infection with chlamydia and/or gonorrhea. A. Transvaginal sonogram shows a pyosalpinx and both ovaries as part of a tubo-ovarian complex. TUBE, Fallopian tube, RT OV, right ovary, LT OV, left ovary; B. CT image shows a tortuous pyosalpinx (arrow) adjacent to the uterus. Ut, uterus. (Reproduced, with permission, from Hoffman BL, Schorge JO, Halvorson LM, Hamid CA, Corton MM, Schaffer JI. Williams Gynecology, 4th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2020.) A sonogram and a radiograph reveal fallopian tube enlargement.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Salpingitis, Endometritis)

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eFigure 25–2. Renal stones. An X-ray shows the presence of stones in kidneys.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Urinary Stone Disease

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eFigure 25–3. Radiograph shows two dense 1-cm calcifications (arrows) projecting over the mid-portion of the left kidney consistent with kidney stones. (Used, with permission, from Chen MY, Pope TL Jr, Ott DJ. Basic Radiology. McGraw-Hill, 2004.) A radiograph shows arrows pointing toward irregularly shaped calcified spots in the left kidney.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Urinary Stone Disease

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eFigure 25–6. Plain radiograph of a left staghorn calculus filling the collecting system of the kidney and projecting down into the proximal ureter. An X-ray shows a branched stone in the left kidney of a patient.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Urinary Stone Disease

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eFigure 22–8. Osteoarthritis with joint space narrowing of both the distal interphalangeal joints and the proximal interphalangeal joints of the left hand. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray of the hand shows that the joint spaces between the bones of the fingers have narrowed.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)

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eFigure 22–9. Radiograph of the left thumb shows loss of the joint space between the proximal thumb metacarpal and the trapezium bone. There is also bony sclerosis and bony cysts noted in both bones and faint osteophytes. Both are characteristic of carpometacarpal (CMC) joint arthritis. There is also proximal and radial subluxation of the thumb metacarpal, indicative of CMC joint ligament laxity, caused by the progressive arthritis. (Used, with permission, from Imboden JB et al. Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Rheumatology, 3e. McGraw-Hill, 2013.) A radiograph of the hand reveals carpometacarpal joint arthritis.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)

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eFigure 22–10. Osteoarthritis with medial compartment narrowing of both knees. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray of the knee shows that the gap between the patella and the lower bones of the leg has narrowed.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)

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eFigure 22–13. Chondrocalcinosis of the triangular cartilage of the left wrist. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray of the hand shows that the small bones at the base of the wrist are fused together.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Crystal Deposition Arthritis

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eFigure 22–17. Erosions at ulnar styloid and at the radioulnar joint in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. There are also periarticular erosions at the second and third metacarpophalangeal joints. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray of the hand shows erosions of the ulnar styloid in the wrist and mild erosions in the fingers.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Rheumatoid Arthritis

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eFigure 22–18. Erosions at the second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints of the right foot in a patient with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray shows erosions in the toes of a patient.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Rheumatoid Arthritis

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eFigure 22–19. Subluxation of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal heads of the right hand in a patient with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray shows dislocation of the fingers of the right hand.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Rheumatoid Arthritis

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eFigure 22–33. Fusion of bilateral sacroiliac joints in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray shows that the sacral and iliac joints have been fused.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Axial Spondyloarthritis

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eFigure 22–34. Radiograph of the lumbar spine of a different patient, demonstrating shiny corners (Romanus lesions) (arrows). (Used, with permission, from Imboden JB et al. Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Rheumatology, 3e. McGraw-Hill, 2013.) A radiograph of the lumbar spine with arrows indicating dense, shiny opacities on the medial ends of the vertebral disks.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Axial Spondyloarthritis

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eFigure 22–35. Kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) view showing bamboo spine and fusion of both sacroiliac joints. (Reproduced with permission from Richard P. Usatine, MD, in Usatine RP, Smith MA, Mayeaux EJ Jr, Chumley HS. The Color Atlas and Synopsis of Family Medicine, 3rd ed. McGraw Hill, 2019.) A radiograph of the lower back and pelvic region shows the fusion of vertebral bodies in the lower spine and bilateral fusion of the sacroiliac joints.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Axial Spondyloarthritis

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eFigure 22–36. Anterior spinal ligament calcifications and fusion of the lumbar spine in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray shows the hardening of anterior spinal ligaments and fusion of the lumbar spine.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Axial Spondyloarthritis

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eFigure 22–37. Anterior spinal ligament calcifications and fusion of the cervical spine in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray shows the hardening of anterior spinal ligaments and fusion of the cervical spine.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Axial Spondyloarthritis

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eFigure 22–38. Exuberant osteophytes (sometimes termed “flowing enthesophytes” or “bridging syndesmophytes”) at multiple contiguous levels of the lumbar spine in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). These are occasionally difficult to distinguish from the syndesmophytes of ankylosing spondylitis. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray shows bony prominences in the lumbar spine of a patient.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Axial Spondyloarthritis

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eFigure 22–39. Erosions at the distal (and proximal) interphalangeal joints in a patient with psoriatic arthritis. (Used, with permission, from Nicole Richman, MD.) An X-ray shows erosions of the finger joints of a palm.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Psoriatic Arthritis

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eFigure 22–42. Tuberculous osteomyelitis. Preliminary AP radiograph (A) shows erosions of the distal fibula and medial malleolus and mixed lytic and sclerotic changes of the ankle. Follow-up radiograph (B) from over 2 years later shows slightly more erosion and sclerosis in the affected areas. The severe osteoporosis and slow process of bone erosions on the follow-up radiograph suggests chronicity indicating chronic disease process. (Reproduced, with permission, from Tehranzadeh J. Basic Musculoskeletal Imaging, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2021.) Two radiographs reveal tuberculous osteomyelitis in the ankle joint.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Tuberculous Arthritis

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eFigure 22–43. A: Plasma cell myeloma. Frontal radiograph of the femur shows a lytic lesion in mid-femoral shaft with endosteal scalloping (arrows) in a patient with plasma cell myeloma. B: Plasma cell myeloma. Lateral radiograph of the spine shows multiple lytic and sclerotic lesions of the spine with compression deformity (arrow) of thoracic spine vertebral body due to plasma cell myeloma. (Reproduced, with permission, from Tehranzadeh J. Basic Musculoskeletal Imaging, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill 2021.) Two radiographs reveal indications of myeloma in the spinal column and femur.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Tumors & Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone

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eFigure 22–43. A: Plasma cell myeloma. Frontal radiograph of the femur shows a lytic lesion in mid-femoral shaft with endosteal scalloping (arrows) in a patient with plasma cell myeloma. B: Plasma cell myeloma. Lateral radiograph of the spine shows multiple lytic and sclerotic lesions of the spine with compression deformity (arrow) of thoracic spine vertebral body due to plasma cell myeloma. (Reproduced, with permission, from Tehranzadeh J. Basic Musculoskeletal Imaging, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill 2021.) Two radiographs reveal indications of myeloma in the spinal column and femur.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Tumors & Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone

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eFigure 22–45. Ewing sarcoma. (A) Frontal and (B) lateral radiograph of right tibia shows infiltrative lesion (dotted arrows) with wide zone of transition and lamellated periosteal reaction (arrow) in metadiaphysis of tibia proven to be Ewing sarcoma in a 16-year-old female. (Reproduced, with permission, from Tehranzadeh J. Basic Musculoskeletal Imaging, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2021.) Two radiographs show the anterior and lateral views of the right tibia.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Tumors & Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone

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eFigure 22–46. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the ankle. Lateral (A) and internal oblique (mortise view) (B) radiographs of the ankle in a 25-year-old patient show ring-like sclerotic density in the distal tibia representing medullary infarct and subchondral sclerosis and lucency of the dome of the talus exhibiting subchondral AVN. Coronal T1-weighted spin-echo image of the ankle (C) and coronal fat-saturated T2-weighted image (D) showing a ring-like lesion representing medullary infarct in the distal tibial metaphysis and subchondral AVN of the dome of the talus exhibiting low signal in T1-weighted image and mixed “double-line” signal in the T2-weighted image. (Reproduced, with permission, from Tehranzadeh J. Basic Musculoskeletal Imaging, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2021.) Four radiographs show the lateral and internal oblique views of the ankle joint.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis of Bone)

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eFigure 26–4. Acute left MCA infarct on MRI of a 65-year-old hypertensive man. The MRI demonstrates increased signal intensity (arrows). Abnormalities in MRI occur before those seen on CT during ischemic strokes. (Used, with permission, from Chen MY, Pope TL Jr, Ott DJ. Basic Radiology. McGraw-Hill, 2004.) An axial scan shows a darkened region in the right side of the brain.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Stroke

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eFigure 26–5. Noncontrast CT image of a subacute left middle cerebral artery infarct (arrows). This was done 2 weeks after the stroke in the same patient as previous figure. CT findings occur later than MRI findings in ischemic strokes. (Used, with permission, from Chen MY, Pope TL Jr, Ott DJ. Basic Radiology. McGraw-Hill, 2004.) An axial noncontrast CT image shows a discolored portion in the right side of the brain.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Stroke

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eFigure 28–14. Hands of patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism. A: Note the short fourth finger. B: Note the "absent" fourth knuckle. C: Film shows the short fourth metacarpal. (Reproduced, with permission, from Potts JT. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Clinical features; signs and symptoms; diagnosis and differential diagnosis. In: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 4th ed. Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Frederickson DS [editors]. McGraw-Hill, 1978.) A photo shows stubby fingers of a patient, with the fourth finger as short as the fifth one. A photo shows a patient's hands balled into a fist. The fourth knuckle in each hand is missing. An x-ray shows that the metacarpal of the fourth finger is short.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Hypoparathyroidism & Pseudohypoparathyroidism

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eFigure 28–14. Hands of patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism. A: Note the short fourth finger. B: Note the "absent" fourth knuckle. C: Film shows the short fourth metacarpal. (Reproduced, with permission, from Potts JT. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Clinical features; signs and symptoms; diagnosis and differential diagnosis. In: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 4th ed. Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Frederickson DS [editors]. McGraw-Hill, 1978.) A photo shows stubby fingers of a patient, with the fourth finger as short as the fifth one. A photo shows a patient's hands balled into a fist. The fourth knuckle in each hand is missing. An x-ray shows that the metacarpal of the fourth finger is short.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Hypoparathyroidism & Pseudohypoparathyroidism

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eFigure 28–14. Hands of patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism. A: Note the short fourth finger. B: Note the "absent" fourth knuckle. C: Film shows the short fourth metacarpal. (Reproduced, with permission, from Potts JT. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Clinical features; signs and symptoms; diagnosis and differential diagnosis. In: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 4th ed. Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Frederickson DS [editors]. McGraw-Hill, 1978.) A photo shows stubby fingers of a patient, with the fourth finger as short as the fifth one. A photo shows a patient's hands balled into a fist. The fourth knuckle in each hand is missing. An x-ray shows that the metacarpal of the fourth finger is short.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Hypoparathyroidism & Pseudohypoparathyroidism

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eFigure 28–15. Osteitis fibrosa cystica with resorption of the distal phalanges. (Reproduced with permission from Carl Grunfeld, MD.) An x-ray shows fused distal phalanges.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Hyperparathyroidism

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eFigure 28–16. Radiographs of index finger of a patient before (left) and after (right) plasma phosphate was reduced to normal with aluminum hydroxide gel and 6 months of dialysis against a bath of 8 mg/dL calcium. (Reproduced, with permission, from Vosik WM et al. Successful medical management of osteitis fibrosa due to tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Mayo Clin Proc. 1972:47:110.) Two radiographs show a patient's index finger before and after dialysis.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Hyperparathyroidism

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Figure 41–1. Squamous cell carcinoma of the right lung on chest radiograph (A) and CT scan (B). (Reproduced, with permission, from Elsayes KM, Oldham SA. Introduction to Diagnostic Radiology. McGraw-Hill, 2014.) Image A is a chest radiograph that highlights a dense, opaque, nodular growth in the mid region of right lung. Image B is an axial C T scan of the chest, with an arrow indicating the location of an opaque nodular mass in the right lung.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Bronchogenic Carcinoma

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Figure 41–1. Squamous cell carcinoma of the right lung on chest radiograph (A) and CT scan (B). (Reproduced, with permission, from Elsayes KM, Oldham SA. Introduction to Diagnostic Radiology. McGraw-Hill, 2014.) Image A is a chest radiograph that highlights a dense, opaque, nodular growth in the mid region of right lung. Image B is an axial C T scan of the chest, with an arrow indicating the location of an opaque nodular mass in the right lung.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Bronchogenic Carcinoma

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eFigure 41–9. Prostate mpMRI showing an anterior lesion visible on T2 and diffusion weighted sequences; such images can assist in prostate cancer detection and characterization. Two radiographs reveal a mass within the scrotum.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Prostate Cancer

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eFigure 10–1. Pulmonary edema. A radiograph shows the anteroposterior view of the chest with a white mass on the left near the hilum and the trachea displaced slightly to the right at the top of the chest.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Common Symptoms

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eFigure 10–23. A: The ascending aorta (yellow dotted line) leading into the arch is dilated, whereas the distal arch and descending aorta (red dotted line) are normal in size. The left heart border (blue dotted line) can be traced upwards along the mediastinum to blend with the aortic arch, explaining why the medial (left) border of the ascending aorta is not visible on radiographs. B: CTA of the thorax confirms enlargement of the ascending aorta with a normal caliber descending aorta. Source: https://radiopaedia.org/cases/aortic-valve-stenosis-1. Case used with permission from Dr. Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 15391. Copyright 2020 Dr. Frank Gaillard. Used under license. A chest x ray reveals an enlarged ascending aorta, while the descending aorta appears normal. A chest x ray in the lateral view, reveals an enlarged ascending aorta, and a normal sized descending aorta.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Valvular Heart Disease

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eFigure 10–23. A: The ascending aorta (yellow dotted line) leading into the arch is dilated, whereas the distal arch and descending aorta (red dotted line) are normal in size. The left heart border (blue dotted line) can be traced upwards along the mediastinum to blend with the aortic arch, explaining why the medial (left) border of the ascending aorta is not visible on radiographs. B: CTA of the thorax confirms enlargement of the ascending aorta with a normal caliber descending aorta. Source: https://radiopaedia.org/cases/aortic-valve-stenosis-1. Case used with permission from Dr. Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 15391. Copyright 2020 Dr. Frank Gaillard. Used under license. A chest x ray reveals an enlarged ascending aorta, while the descending aorta appears normal. A chest x ray in the lateral view, reveals an enlarged ascending aorta, and a normal sized descending aorta.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Valvular Heart Disease

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eFigure 10–25. Combined mitral valve defect with predominant stenosis. PA CXR (A) and left lateral radiograph with an esophagogram (B). Enlargement of the left atrium is manifested by a double contour along the right cardiac border, a prominent atrial appendage, and deep indentation and posterior curving of the opacified esophagus. (Reproduced, with permission, from Thelen M, Erel R, Kreitner KF, Barkhausen J. Cardiac Imaging: A Multimodality Approach. Thieme, 2009.) Two chest x rays in the front and lateral views, indicate enlargement of the left atrium, which pushes back the esophagus toward the spinal column.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2024 > Mitral Stenosis

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